Pathways Grammatik

Collocations

A collocation is two or more words that often go together. They sound natural together. Certain nouns go with certain verbs.

Contractions of “be”

Simple present:

Subject + be (not)

e.g.: I am (not) from Saudi Arabia.

—>I’m / I’m not

He/she/it is (not) friendly.

—>She’s / She’s not / She isn’t

You/we/they are (not) Japanese.

—>We’re not / We aren’t

Small talk:

Job: What so you do? Are you a student?

Hobby: What do you do in your freetime?

Do you have any hobbyies?

Sports: Do you play any sports?

United States:

feet: ‘

inches: ‘‘

1 foot = 12 inches = 30.48 cm

e.g.: 5’ person = 1.52 m

Everyday language:

More formal:

Excuse me…

Can I talk to you for a minute?

Can I ask you a question?

Less formal:

Hi!

Do you have a minute?

Marta? (Say their name)

Antonyms

is a word that is the opposite of another word

e.g.:

good - bad

adult - child

Simple Present

to talk about:

• facts or truths (An engineer creates things.)

• schedules or routines. (They work every Saturday.)

• habits or repeated events. (They try hard to work.)

Small talk / Everyday language:

to show you are listening and interested in what another person is saying.

That’s interesting.

Really? Why?

Great!

Tell me more.

Agreeing and Disagreeing

Agreeing:

I like to travel. —>I do, too! / Me, too!

I don’t like to be a tourist. —>I don’t, either. / Me, neither.

Disagreeing:

important to be polite

I like to go on long walks on vacation.

—>That’s interesting. I don’t. I prefer to lie on the beach.

I don’t like to travel in a group.

—>Oh really? I do! I love it.

Present Continuous:

to talk about things that are happening right now (I am reading)

to talk about activities that are ongoing over a period of time.

(He is staying at the beach all summer.)

Affirmative:

I’m enjoying my trip.

She’s eating at the hotel.

They’re trying a new place.

Adjective Order

an adjective that describes an opinion about something comes before an adjective that describes the age of something:

e.g..:

I just bought an amazing new phone.

Have you played this exciting new game?

I’m tired of this boring old flip phone.

Can and Can’t

Can is a modal verb. A modal comes before the base form of a verb. Modals add information to the verb. Use “can” to talk about ability (Fähigkeit) or possibility (Möglichkeit).

Students can experience history with virtual reality, but they can’t touch anything.

Everyday Language - Expressing Emotion

Interest: That’s so interesting! / How cool! / Amazing!

Happiness: Wonderful! / I’m happy to hear that!

Surprise: Really? / Are you serious?

Sadness: That’s so terrible. / I’m sorry to hear that.

Noun Suffixes -er and -ing

A suffix is one or more letter that come at the end of certain words. They indicate the meaning and part of speech of the word. Common suffixes that form nouns are -er (usually a person or doer of an activitiy) and -ing (an activity)

Note: A -ing noun form is also called a gerund.

climb (verb): climber (noun, person who does the sport)

climbing (noun, the sport)

Everyday Language - Different Ways to Say Yes and No

Can I ask you a question?

Of course! / Sure! / Absolutely! / Definitely.

Did you climb K2?

Nope. / I’m afraid not. (=Ich befürchte nicht) /

Are you kidding? No way.

Simple Past

to talk about completed actions or ideas

The same form of the verb is used for all subjects (I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they)

Regular verbs: add -d/-ed (walked, hiked, guided, climbed)

Irregular verbs: learn the different past forms (run - ran, swim - swam, think - thought)

Irregular Verbs in the Past

be - was/were

do - did

feel - felt

find - found

get - got

go - went

have - had

hear - heard

know - knew

wake up - woke up

Asking for Questions

Are there any questions?

I’d be happy to answer any questions.