anatomy 1 lec

ANATOMY – Greek “____” (up) + “_____” (cutting)

Study of the SHAPES & STRUCTURES of the body & its parts

-Father of Medicine

-founder of the science of anatomy

-author of the Hippocratic Oath

first person to use the term “anatome”

study of FUNCTIONS of the body parts and conditions which determine their functions in the living being.

is the study of the shapes and forms of the human body.

is the study of the structures uncovered by dissection with the unaided eye

study of tissues

study of cells

study of the origin, growth & development of an organism from conception until birth.

study of the structures of selected vertebrates

refers to the Correct Nomenclature / Names that enables precise communication among health care professionals worldwide

(reference guide in anatomical language)

Anatomical terms are expressed in Latin, but English equivalents are given

Three main approaches to studying Anatomy:

- Topographical Anatomy

-study anatomy by Regions, such as the thorax & abdomen

- first palpable spine,

– visualized nipple line

-anatomy in all it’s aspects- gross, histologic, embryologic, neurologic as they relate to the practice of medicine & other health sciences.

- Practical applications of Anatomic principles to the solution of clinical problems

-Ex. Scoliosis- abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

- may lead to postural problems, back pains

- correct the abnormality to relieve patients of his problems

– studying the body by SYSTEMS, i.e. circulatory & reproductive systems, digestive, endocrine etc.

– observe the surface of the body & the structures under it

- aims to VISUALIZE structures that lie beneath the skin and are palpable

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

– skin & its appendages (hair, nails, sweat glands)

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

meaning of the acronym MALT

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

– bones & cartilages; supporting structures

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

Ex. Ligaments/tendons- sometimes called

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

– joints & associated ligaments

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

– smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

– CNS (brain, SC) + PNS (cranial & spinal nerves & motor & sensory, nerve endings)

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

– Bld. and Bld vessels

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

Heart

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

- organs associated with ingestion, mastication (chewing), deglutition (swallowing), digestion, absorption of food, elimination of feces (solid waste) -

(organs from the mouth down to the Anus plus the Accessory organs)

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

– air passages & lungs

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

– kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

- genital organs and organs involved in reproduction

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

– ductless glands that produce hormones

Organ System? Branch of Medicine?

Spleen, Thymus, LN, MALT, BM

NORMAL ANATOMICAL POSITION

-head, eyes & toes directed ______

-body ___

-upper limbs _____

-palms facing ______

-Thumbs ______

-lower limbs

-feet slightly ____, directed _______

are anatomical descriptions based on four imaginary planes that pass through the body in the anatomical position

- vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body, dividing it into RIGHT & LEFT HALVES

- is any plane near the median plane

– vertical planes passing through the body PARALLEL to the median/paramedian plane

– vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane,

planes passing through the body at right angles to the median & coronal planes divides the body into SUPERIOR (upper) & INFERIOR (lower) parts.

ANATOMICAL SECTIONS (3)

run lengthwise in the long axis of the body or any of its parts

cross sections; cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or any of its parts

slices of the body or its parts not cut along one of the previously mentioned anatomical planes

(3)

- relation of a part to the external environment

structure is near or nearer to the median plane of the body

- structure is farther away from the median plane of the body

(2)

– back surface of the body or nearer to the back

(2)

– front surface of the body or nearer to the front

– structure situated nearer the soles of the feet

– structure nearer the vertex (topmost portion of the skull)

– pertains to tail

– head region

– nearer the attachment or origin of a limb or structure

– away from its attachment or origin

– superior or dorsal surface (back) of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the

body (dorsum of the tongue, penis, foot)

- denotes intermediate positional arrangements

– nearer to the feet & median plane

– nearer the head & farther from the median plane

– occurring in paired structures/ both sides

Ex. …… kidney stones/ ovarian tumors

– occurring at one side only

Ex. Left sided weakness ( …… weakness)

– occurring on the same side

Ex. Tumor left brain, weakness left side also

– occurring on the opposite side

(where 2 or more bones or appendages or limbs

articulate with one another)

– bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts

of the body

Anterior bending – elbow

Posterior bending – knee

– straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body; usually occurs in a posterior direction

- extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit (overextension)

– flexion at the ankle joint

(walking uphill, lifting the toes off the ground)

– turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface (standing on toes as in ballet dancers)

– moving away from the median plane in the coronal plane

– moving toward the median plane in a coronal plane

– turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis

– brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane

– takes the anterior surface away from the median plane

– circular movement; combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction occurring in such a way that the distal end of the part moves in a circle

– movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another

digit pad

– movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position

– movement anteriorly (forward) i.e. protruding a mandible

– movement posteriorly (backward)

– raises or moves a part superiorly (shoulder)

– lowers or moves a part inferiorly

– moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane

– moves the sole of the foot towards the median plane

– movement of the forearm and hand that rotates the radius medially around its longitudinal axis palm of the hand faces posteriorly & dorsum faces anteriorly

- movement of the forearm and hand that rotates the radius laterally around its longitudinal axis

dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly & the palm faces anteriorly.