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"VERB [T]

ACCEPT

to accept that something is true or exists

Dictionary example:

He acknowledged that there was a problem.

They fully acknowledge the need to keep fit as a part of being a healthy and well-educated person.

SAY RECEIVED

FORMAL to tell someone, usually in writing, that you have received something they sent you

Dictionary example:

He sent a letter acknowledging receipt of her application.

Learner example:

Re: Follow-up job as interpreter, I acknowledge receipt of your recent correspondence.

"Word family:

Nouns: acceptance

Verbs: accept

Adjectives: acceptable, unacceptable, accepted

NOUN [C or U]

when you accept something

Dictionary examples:

His acceptance of the award was controversial.

There is a growing public acceptance of alternative medicine.

Learner example:

The main reason for the ""fast-food"" groceries winning acceptance in Swedish culture is lack of time.

"Word family: Nouns: alarm Verbs: alarm

Adjectives: alarming

VERB [T]

to make someone worried or frightened

Dictionary example:

I don't want to alarm you but he really should be here by now.

Learner example:

What alarmed us the most was the daring use of speculation by the author.

Word family:

Nouns: alarm Verbs: alarm Adjectives: alarming

ADJECTIVE

causing worry or fear

Dictionary examples:

alarming news

Crime has been increasing at an alarming rate.

Learner example:

Moreover, the alarming frequency of heart attacks in Poland [has] made people stop eating too much fat.

"PREPOSITION

have sth against sb/sth

to have a reason not to like someone or something

Dictionary example:

I've got nothing against him personally, I just don't think he's the right man for the job.

Learner example:

If you have nothing against taking public transport, I suggest taking a bus.

"NOUN [C or U]

FOOD

the feeling that makes you want to eat

Dictionary examples:

All that walking has given me an appetite.

I won't have any chocolate, thanks - it'll spoil my appetite.

Learner example:

The tasteless food spoiled our appetite.

"Word family:

Nouns: norm, normality

Adjectives: normal, abnormal

Adverbs: normally

ADJECTIVE

different from what is normal or usual, in a way which is strange or dangerous

Dictionary examples:

abnormal behaviour/weather

They found abnormal levels of lead in the water.

Learner example:

The cost of it for the Chinese population is an abnormal level of pollution, that causes many deaths every year.

ADVERB; PREPOSITION

on or onto a plane, ship, bus, or train

Dictionary example:

Welcome aboard flight BA109 to Paris.

Learner example:

Competition entry ""Welcome aboard on the flight to ancient Rome..."" Please fasten your

seatbelts...

"Word family: Nouns: attendance

Verbs: attend

NOUN [C or U]

NUMBER

the number of people who go to an event, meeting, etc.

Dictionary example:

falling attendance

Learner example:

Also in May, we had the swimming gala, which had a very high attendance from students as there were races for all abilities.

REGULARLY

when you go somewhere such as a church, school, etc. regularly

Dictionary example:

His attendance at school is very poor.

Learner example:

Consequently, I would make attendance more flexible for the members.

"Word family:

Nouns: addict, addiction

Adjectives: addicted, addictive

ADJECTIVE

If something is addictive, it makes you want more of it so that you become addicted.

Dictionary examples:

Tobacco is highly addictive.

The problem with computer games is that they're addictive.

Learner example:

Serial dramas are addictive - it is not unknown for whole countries to come to a standstill because

an important re[vel]ation will be made on television.

"PREPOSITION

INVOLVING OTHERS

involving or affecting other things or people than the ones you have talked about

Dictionary example:

You should try to develop interests beyond the family.

Learner example:

Of course, the process of women['s] liberation isn't viewed with enthusiasm by husbands who would have to wash up and cook if their wives wanted to develop women interests beyond their

family circle.

NOT UNDERSTAND

INFORMAL If something is beyond you, you cannot understand it.

Dictionary examples:

Computer studies is completely beyond me.

It's beyond me why anyone would want to buy that house.

Learner example:

Lastly, touching upon the subject of the money, how you get the figure of 60% is beyond me, as I have a clear chart of the charity day results.

ADVERB

PLACE

past a place

Dictionary example:

From the top of the hill we could see our house and the woods beyond.

Learner example:

The airport-bus will take you to the centre of Ostersund where I live and even beyond.

"ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]

NOT A CHILD

having finished growing

an adult male rat Learner example:

Tony Soprano is the bad kid [in] every adult male.

"Word family: Nouns: allowance

Verbs: allow

VERB

TIME/MONEY

[T] to plan to use a particular amount of money, time, etc. for something

Dictionary example:

Allow three hours for the whole journey.

Learner example:

Please allow more free time in the afternoon for shopping and change the free evening which is on

Day 1 in your High Life Programme to another evening.

MAKE POSSIBLE

[I or T] to make it possible for someone to do something

Dictionary example:

The extra money will allow me to upgrade my computer.

Learner example:

These activities allow people to forget about their problems, to enjoy themselves and also to communicate with others.

Word family:

Nouns: allowance

Verbs: allow

NOUN [C]

MONEY

money that you are given regularly, especially to pay for a particular thing

Dictionary example:

a clothing allowance

Learner example:

She spends most of her allowance quickly and is then without money for the rest of the month.

"Word family:

Adjectives: bright Adverbs: brightly

ADJECTIVE

look on the bright side

to find good things in a bad situation

Dictionary example:

Look on the bright side - no one was badly hurt.

Learner example:

I am quite self-confident and I usually look on the bright side, as I am not keen on pessimistic thoughts.

"Word family:

Nouns: appointment

Verbs: appoint

to officially choose someone for a job

Dictionary example:

He was appointed as company director last year.

Learner example:

Moreover, with the liberation of Greece, he was appointed as the First Governor of the new state.

"Word family: Nouns: amendment

Verbs: amend

NOUN [C or U]

a change in the words of a document, or the process of doing this

Dictionary example:

to make an amendment to the human rights law

Learner example:

In view of the need to clarify all these errors and wrong information, I would urge you to print another report apologising and providing readers with the right figures and possible

amendments.

"VERB [T]

capture sb's attention/ imagination/ interest

to make someone interested in or excited about something

Dictionary example:

The Moon landing captured the attention of the whole world.

Learner example:

I am sure this program would capture the interest of other students in this college, as those who

participated would be telling their friends all about their adventurous trip.

NOUN [U]

when a person or animal is caught and made a prisoner

Dictionary example:

He shot himself to avoid capture.

Learner example:

The best example is Operation Takedown w[h]ich is based on the capture of Kevin Mitnick, who illegally hacked in to computers and stole information, but in the movie he is presented [as] a

hero.

"Word family: Nouns: authority

Verbs: authorize

VERB [T] (ALSO UK authorise)

to give official permission for something

Dictionary example:

His manager had authorized the expenditure.

Learner example:

Most of [the] rooms are airconditioned and our prices are competitive and authorized by the

Greek Tourist Organisation.

be authorized to do sth

to be officially allowed to do something

Dictionary example:

Only managers are authorized to sign expense forms.

Learner example:

In my capacity as the secretary of the Social Club, I am authorized to express students' dissatisfaction with the facilities of the museum and to urge you to take remedial action towards

improving the situation.

"Word family:

Nouns: art, artist Adjectives: artistic

NOUN

arts

subjects, such as history, languages and philosophy, that are not scientific

subjects

Dictionary examples:

an arts subject the Arts Faculty

an arts graduate/degree

Learner example:

The same percentage of graduates from arts and social science and science areas became unemployed after finishing university.

SKILL

[C or U] a skill in a particular activity

Dictionary example:

the art of conversation

Learner example:

In my opinion, spoken English is the best course at the school and it really gives one good

practice in the art of negotiation.

"NOUN

BEGINNING

[U] LITERARY the beginning of something

Dictionary example:

the birth of modern science

Learner example:

Pericles was the man who achieved the birth of democracy.

"Word family: Nouns: backing

Verbs: back

ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]

back road/street

a very small road or street that goes behind or between buildings

Dictionary example:

We wandered through the back streets, looking for Tommy.

Learner example:

From the museum you have to walk across a pedestrian street, through an unspoiled district, where a jumble of narrow back streets retain old-world characters.

"NOUN [C]

STATEMENT

a statement that something is true or is a fact, although other people might not believe it

Dictionary examples:

She rejected claims that she had lied.

Can you give any evidence to support your claim?

He made wild claims about being able to cure cancer.

Learner example:

To correct your claims about our target figure and the result of the day, I enclose a sheet displaying an income pie [chart].

"NOUN

PRIZE

a bronze medal

Dictionary example:

He won a bronze in the 200m.

Learner example:

I have won two bronze medals and one gold for swimming 50m.

"VERB [T]

CANNOT SEE

to be between someone and the thing they are looking at, so that they cannot see

Dictionary example:

A pillar was blocking my view.

Learner example:

You cannot have a panoramic view [of] the mountains [any more] because buildings block it and [the] people in the nearby village think only of profit.

"VERB [I or T]

to provide and often serve food and drinks for a particular event

Dictionary example:

How many are we catering for at the wedding reception?

Learner example:

I can understand why you shortlisted these three proposals as all of them seem good enough to

cater for our canteen.

"Word family: Nouns: bulk

Adjectives: bulky

NOUN

in bulk

in large amounts

Dictionary example:

to buy in bulk

Learner example:

I suggest that you buy food in bulk so that you not only save money but also save time.

the bulk of sth

the largest part or most of something

Dictionary example:

He spends the bulk of his money on rent.

Learner example:

I have noticed that the bulk of the commit[t]ee are people over forty years old.

"Word family:

Nouns: comparative, comparison Verbs: compare

Adjectives: comparable, comparative

Adverbs: comparatively

VERB

compare notes

If two people compare notes, they tell each other what they think about something

that they have both done.

Dictionary example:

We compared notes about our experiences in China.

Learner example:

In conclusion, regular meetings between parents and school teachers [...] help both parties to

compare notes, acting in the best interest[s] of the children.

"Word family:

Nouns: accord, accordance

NOUN FORMAL

in accordance with sth

in the way described by a rule, law, or wish

Dictionary example:

Both companies have insisted that they were acting in accordance with the law.

Learner example:

Although they do not earn much money in this profession, they try to do their best and judge in

accordance with the law which they also have to interpret.

"Word family:

Nouns: cleaner Adjectives: clean

clean (sth/sb) up PHRASAL VERB MAKE CLEAN

to make a person or place clean and tidy

Dictionary example:

We have to clean up before we leave.

Learner example:

During our accom[m]odation there, nobody came to clean up the room and the staff was not very friendly.

REMOVE POLLUTION

to remove pollution from somewhere

Dictionary example:

They are developing processes to clean up polluted rivers.

Learner example:

I can also help by distributing leaflets which contain information on how to start cleaning up the environment.

"Word family:

Nouns: certainty, uncertainty

Adjectives: certain, uncertain

Adverbs: certainly

ADJECTIVE

know/say for certain

to know something without doubt

Dictionary example:

We don't know for certain whether she's coming.

Learner example:

The rules may be considered a bit too strict, the teaching methods too ""old-fashioned"", but I know for certain that this course gives very good preparation in [Busi]ness English.

"Word family:

Nouns: consciousness

Adjectives: conscious, unconscious, self-conscious

Adverbs: subconsciously, unconsciously

NOUN

AWARE

[NO PLURAL] when someone knows about something

Dictionary example:

There's a growing consciousness about environmental issues among young people.

Learner example:

It also springs up out of a pleasure of playing the game and a consciousness that their health matters and being fit is an important element of it.

"Word family:

Nouns: complaint Verbs: complain

NOUN

ANNOYING THING

[C] something that makes you complain

Dictionary example:

My only complaint was the lack of refreshments.

Learner example:

My only complaint about the teaching staff is that they did not allow enough time for individual tuition and help when needed.

Word family:

Nouns: completion Verbs: complete Adjectives: complete Adverbs: completely

NOUN [U]

when something that you are doing or making is finished

Dictionary examples:

The stadium is due for completion in 2008. They will be paid on completion of the job.

Learner example:

After the completion of the work at the newly-built part of the airport and its opening for service,

the formerly quiet part of the town has become a victim of the above mentioned kind of noise, even more than the parts which have had this problem for [a] long [time].

"Word family:

Adjectives: close Adverbs: closely

ADVERB

VERY NEAR

in a way that is very near in distance, time, or position

Dictionary example:

Elke came into the room, closely followed by her children.

Learner example:

According to statistical figures, Germany is better off as compared to [the] USA and closely

followed by Spain in the management of Government spending.

CAREFULLY

carefully and paying attention to details

Dictionary examples:

Pollution levels are closely monitored.

If you look closely, you can see where he painted over his signature.

I think that working for High Travel as its inte[r]preter would be a great experience if the company decides to look closely at the co[n]ditions of its employees and of its travellers.

"Word family:

Nouns: consideration Verbs: consider, reconsider

Adjectives: considerate, inconsiderate

VERB

FACTS

[T] to give attention to a particular subject or fact when making a decision or judging something else

Dictionary examples:

You've got to consider the time element when planning the whole project.

If you consider how long he's been learning the piano, he's not very good. If you buy an old house, you have to consider the cost of repairs.

Learner example:

The only point we have to consider will be the price of food.

MAY BE TRUE

to think that something may exist or be true

Dictionary example:

Have you considered the possibility that he might be lying?

Learner example:

Many students this year refuse even to consider the possibility of going to one.

all things considered

used for saying that something is true in general if you think about all its aspects

Dictionary example:

The show was a great success, all things considered.

Learner example:

All things considered, it seems like ""Kavanagh Catering Services"" would be most suitable for the students.

"NOUN [C]

MACHINE

one of the parts of a machine or piece of equipment

Dictionary example:

Our company makes components for aircraft engines.

Learner example:

Since both the hardware and software components used by the employees of this department are not in a good state, there is a need of brand new and more powerful computers and of updated

software.

FEATURE

one of the parts or characteristics of something or someone

Dictionary example:

The course has four distinct components.

Learner example:

These components are present in everyone, whether you are rich or poor, thus it is wrong to be

biased with one kind of people purely based on beliefs not support[ed] by solid evidence.

"Word family:

Nouns: cover, coverage

Verbs: cover, uncover

NOUN [U]

REPORT

the way a newspaper, television programme, etc. reports an event or subject

Dictionary example:

There is live coverage of the game on cable TV.

Learner example:

Jos is very well known among people who love Formula 2 autoracing and I know there are a lot of

them all over the world because of the intense media coverage.

"Word family:

Nouns: consumer, consumption

Verbs: consume

NOUN [U]

the amount of something that someone uses, eats, or drinks

Dictionary examples:

We need to reduce our energy consumption.

fuel/water consumption

Learner example:

One less obvious aspect of pollution is the surge in energy consumption caused by technological development.

"Word family: Nouns: death

Adjectives: dead, deadly

Adverbs: dead, deadly

ADVERB

EXTREMELY

INFORMAL extremely or completely

Dictionary example:

The exam was dead easy.

Learner example:

The teaching is dead boring; it really takes you more than one hour per day just to gain the basics and if you want to get in contact with the teachers, you have to spend a fortune.

be dead (set) against sth/doing sth

to oppose something strongly

Dictionary examples:

My parents were dead set against us getting married.

They were dead against the proposed new road.

Learner example:

Some others are dead set against the council's decision and provide some alternative ideas about building a car park in another area.

"Word family:

Nouns: critic, criticism Verbs: criticize Adjectives: critical

Adverbs: critically

NOUN [C]

NOT APPROVE

someone who says that they do not approve of someone or something

Dictionary example:

an outspoken critic of the government

I am not a critic of modern technology and I am not among those people who have pessimistic id[e]as about it.

"ADVERB

long ago

If something happened long ago, it happened a great amount of time ago.

Dictionary examples:

I think we met once, long ago.

It was not long ago that I last saw him.

Learner example:

Not so long ago, you could ring each Dutch doorbell of your choice at 6 pm and you'd f[i]nd the whole family gathered around the kitchen table, having their supper.

"VERB

derive (sth) from sth PHRASAL VERB

to come from or be developed from something

Dictionary example:

The name derives from Latin.

Learner example:

From another chart, we can have a clear understanding of nuclear power's contribution to different European countries. 78.0% [of] electricity production [is] derived from nuclear power in

France.

"Word family: Nouns: declaration

Verbs: declare

NOUN [C]

an announcement, often one that is written and official

Dictionary example:

a declaration of independence

Learner example:

Indochina is a French film that deals with the colonial period in Indochina from the Second World

War to the country['s] declaration of independence.

"Word family: Nouns: disaster

Adjectives: disastrous

ADJECTIVE

extremely bad

Dictionary examples:

disastrous consequences

a disastrous week

Learner example:

Let's hope that people involved - politicians and trade union leaders - will be able to sort things out soon in order to put an end to these disastrous conditions.

"ADVERB

anywhere near sth

used in questions and negatives to mean 'close to being or doing something'

Dictionary example:

The house isn't anywhere near ready.

Learner example:

We could not have gone anywhere near 5000 miles because all our minibuses were broken down -

we even stayed in one place for 8 days.

"ADJECTIVE

BUILDING

a detached building is one that is not joined to another building

Dictionary example:

They have a detached 5-bedroom house in Surrey.

Learner example:

I live in a detached house in the countryside with my two friends, who are married.

"VERB [T]

divert sb's attention/thoughts, etc.

to take someone's attention away from something

Dictionary example:

A movement outside the window diverted my attention.

Learner example:

For example, when I feel sad or depressed, shopping can help [me] temporarily forget those

negative feelings by diverting my attention to something which I really love doing.

"Word family:

Nouns: discrimination

Verbs: discriminate

NOUN [U]

when someone is treated unfairly because of their sex, race, religion, etc.

Dictionary examples:

racial/sex/sexual discrimination

discrimination against older workers

Learner example:

But we must not forget that there is still sexual discrimination when women apply for jobs higher up in [a] hierarchy.

"Word family:

Nouns: assurance, reassurance, self-assurance

Verbs: assure, reassure

Adjectives: reassuring, self-assured

VERB [T]

MAKE CERTAIN

to make something certain to happen

Dictionary example:

This loan should assure the company's future.

Learner example:

The PT is guaranteed to assure higher test results or your money back!

"VERB

GET RID OF

[T] to put something somewhere to get rid of it, especially in a place where you should not put it

Dictionary example:

The company was fined for illegally dumping toxic chemicals.

Learner example:

I can pick up all the bottles and other rubbish that are dumped on the street where I live.

NOUN [C] (ALSO UK tip)

WASTE

a place where people take things that they do not want

Dictionary example:

We took our old mattress to the dump.

Learner example:

Thankfully, with the help of the government, a recycling centre was built nearby and so the

rubbish littering the streets, as well as that being taken to the dump, was cut down by 60%.

"Word family:

Nouns: dominance, domination

Verbs: dominate

Adjectives: dominant, predominant

Adverbs: predominantly

ADJECTIVE

IMPORTANT

main or most important

Dictionary example:

Unemployment will be a dominant issue at the next election.

Looking back on the ongoing discussion about women's role in modern German society, there is one dominant impression: women have to enlarge, improve, intensify, etc they have to enlarge

their horizon, to improve their professional skills, to intensify their involvement in politics and so

on ....

"VERB (beat, beaten)

BETTER THAN

[T] to be better than something

Dictionary example:

Being at the youth club beats sitting at home.

Learner example:

The sight of a child cured from an immobilizing disease running around laughing and dancing is

pure happiness, nothing beats it.

FOOD

[T] to mix food using hard, quick movements

Dictionary example:

Beat the egg whites until they are stiff.

beat about/around the bush

to avoid talking about something difficult or embarrassing

Dictionary example:

I decided to stop beating around the bush and told him exactly what I thought of him.

Learner example:

Well, let's stop beating about the bush and g[et] to the point.

CONJUNCTION

before you know it very soon

Dictionary example:

We'll be there before you know it.

Learner example:

It is a bit dark inside and especially in winter, it is dark before you know it.

"VERB [T] FORMAL

to improve something

Dictionary example:

Winning that award greatly enhanced her reputation.

Learner example:

In addition, enhancing the reputation of the family might be anoth[e]r factor as well.

"Word family: Nouns: ease

Adjectives: easy, uneasy

Adverbs: easily, easy

ADJECTIVE

(take) the easy way out

to do what is easiest in a difficult situation

Dictionary example:

I know you don't approve of his working methods, but why not take the easy way out this time

and agree to his request?

Learner example:

On the other hand you cannot survive without your pay-check and to be able to both make a car[ee]r and have the time to be green, sometimes you just have to take the easy way out.

ADVERB

easier said than done

used to say that something seems like a good idea but it would be difficult to do

Dictionary example:

I want to ask her out, but it's easier said than done.

Learner example:

I know it's easier said than done but you have to try.

Word family:

Nouns: ecology Adjectives: ecological Adverbs: ecologically

NOUN [U NO PLURAL]

the relationship between living things and the environment, or the scientific study of this

Dictionary example:

The oil spill caused terrible damage to the fragile ecology of the coast.

Learner example:

This solution supports business - well, then it's up to the residents to choose either business or

ecology.

"NOUN [U]

METAL

a shiny yellow metal

Dictionary example:

a door with a brass handle

Learner example:

The dark marble is easy to keep clean and the solid brass handles look luxur[ious].

"Word family:

Nouns: exaggeration

Verbs: exaggerate

NOUN [C or U]

when you describe something as larger, better, worse, etc. than it really is

Dictionary example:

a slight/gross exaggeration of the facts

Learner example:

You wrote about ""a sudden downpour of rain"" which was a huge exaggeration.

"VERB [T OFTEN PASSIVE]

GIVE TITLE

to give something a particular title

Dictionary example:

a lecture entitled ""Language, Learning and Literacy""

Learner example:

In June, [the] club arranged a slide show and talk which was entitled 'Walking In The Black Hills';

this was very informative and the students had lots of tips for hill walking.

"NOUN [C]

ACTIVITIES

a series of organized activities or events intended to achieve a result

Dictionary example:

an advertising/election campaign

Learner example:

In order to solve problems caused by traffic congestion, perhaps the City Co[u]ncil should

consider launching a publicity campaign to show people in Baden the alternative means of transport and the advantages of using them.

WAR

a series of military attacks

Dictionary example:

a bombing campaign

Learner example:

Another example is the campaign of Alexander the Great.

VERB [I]

to organize a series of activities to try to achieve something

Dictionary example:

to campaign against/for something

Learner example:

Instead of campaigning against tourism, people should [look for] ways of making it better and

safer.

"Word family:

Nouns: facilities, facility

Verbs: facilitate

VERB [T] FORMAL

to make something possible or easier

Dictionary example:

I will do everything in my power to facilitate the process.

Learner example:

I found that the presentations and talks about CVs and letters of application were really useful,

[but] we should have been divided into smaller groups to facilitate conversation.

"Word family: Verbs: exclude

Adjectives: exclusive

Adverbs: exclusively

ADJECTIVE

NOT SHARED

not shared with another person, organization, newspaper, etc.

Dictionary example:

an exclusive interview

Learner example:

They don't have a personal life anymore because of this and photographers are following them

everywhere because they want to take an exclusive picture, so they can earn a lot of money with it when a magazine wants to buy it.

Word family:

Verbs: exclude Adjectives: exclusive Adverbs: exclusively

ADVERB

only

Dictionary example:

an exclusively female audience

Learner example:

In addition, the reduced price mentioned refers exclusively to UK students, which caused

significant problems.

"NOUN

ABILITY

[NO PLURAL] a natural ability to do something well

Dictionary example:

She has a flair for languages.

Learner example:

She's an artist with a flair for promotion.

"NOUN [U]

a type of fat in your body that can cause heart disease if you have too much

Dictionary example:

The doctor said I had high cholesterol.

Learner example:

Hong Kong people have become fatter and fatter due to the adoption of Western food which is

rich in fat and cholesterol.

"NOUN [U]

disagreement or dislike caused by people having different opinions

Dictionary example:

There’s less friction in relationships when you use teamwork.

Learner example:

Money spen[t] on shopping can also be the cause of friction or arguments between husbands and

wives.

"VERB [I] (fell, fallen)

fall flat

If an event or joke falls flat, it fails to have the effect that you wanted, such as

making people laugh.

Dictionary example:

All the jokes in his speech fell flat.

Learner example:

The cultural visits fell flat [in comparison] to their expectations, although the sightseeing tour of

Willstown was, as the students said, ""fascinating"".

NOUN [C USUALLY NO PLURAL]

DEFEAT

when a city, government, leader, etc. loses power or control

Dictionary example:

the fall of communism

Learner example:

After the fall of the previous system everything changed.

"Word family: Adjectives: gentle

Adverbs: gently

ADJECTIVE

SLOPE

A gentle slope or climb is not steep.

Dictionary example:

It was a fairly gentle climb to the summit.

THE TOUR Trained guides lead people across gentle slopes towards thick woods displaying a wide variety of birds and animal life.

"Word family:

Nouns: common

Adjectives: common, uncommon

Adverbs: commonly

ADJECTIVE

ORDINARY

[ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] not special in any way

Dictionary example:

The herbs all have common names and Latin names.

Learner example:

The fashion of the common people and the average worker had to be practical and had to be worn for longer than just half a year.

NOUN

in common with sb/sth

in the same way as someone or something

Dictionary example:

In common with many working mothers, she feels guilty about leaving her children.

Learner example:

In common with many city d[we]llers, I do not think this is a wise decision and it could have negative effects on the city re[s]idents' daily lives.

Word family:

Nouns: common

Adjectives: common, uncommon

Adverbs: commonly

ADVERB

often or usually

Dictionary example:

These caterpillars are commonly found on nettles.

Learner example:

It is commonly acknowledged that, these days, mobile phones have become an important

[accessory].

"Word family: Nouns: flow

Verbs: flow, overflow

NOUN [NO PLURAL]

MOVEMENT

when something flows in one direction

Dictionary examples:

the flow of a river

the flow of traffic

Learner example:

So, a possible solution is to build more roads and optimally design the roads and their subways, to make the flow of cars on [the] road quicker.

"ADJECTIVE

TOTAL

A gross amount of money has not had taxes or other costs taken from it.

Dictionary example:

gross earnings/profit

Learner example:

Considering that our business is booming, we suggest invest[ing] a certain amount of money in the above-mentioned technical devices in order to achieve the financial target, which is to

increase our gross profit by 10%.

SERIOUS

very serious or unacceptable

Dictionary example:

gross misconduct

Learner example:

Secondly, in the second paragraph, two gross mistakes were made.

NOUN

gain/lose ground

to become more/less popular and accepted

Dictionary example:

The idea is gradually gaining ground.

Learner example:

Lately, Italian food is gaining ground in Slovenia.

"Word family:

Nouns: frustration

Adjectives: frustrated, frustrating

ADJECTIVE

making you feel frustrated

Dictionary examples:

a frustrating situation

It's frustrating to see money going to waste like that.

Learner example:

When you are working and you are in a hurry to get to your work place on time, waiting for the

bus becomes quite annoying and frustrating.

"ADJECTIVE

BRAVE

very brave

Dictionary examples:

a heroic figure

a heroic act/deed

Learner example:

I would be thrilled if I could lead thousands of warriors into heroic battles to con[qu]er the world.

TRYING HARD

If someone makes a heroic effort to do something, they work very hard to try to do it.

Dictionary example:

In spite of England's heroic efforts, they lost the match.

Learner example:

Individually or in organised groups, those who worry about the subject are making a heroic

attempt to convince others of the importance of recycling, caring about the wildlife and sparing the woods from fire or massive exploitation.

"Word family: Nouns: confidence

Adjectives: confidential

ADJECTIVE

secret, especially in an official situation

Dictionary example:

These documents are strictly confidential.

Learner example:

Remember, you are under no obligation to do anything and of course we will treat the confidential

information you give us with discretion and respect.

"NOUN [C]

MOVEMENT

a movement you make with your hand, arm, or head to express what you are thinking or feeling

Dictionary example:

He made a rude gesture at the crowd.

Learner example:

Review - The Body Speaks [...] In the second part, you are taught how to read the gestures, voice,

[and] hesitations, and analyse them.

ACTION

something you do to show people how you feel about a person or situation

Dictionary example:

It would be a nice gesture to invite her to dinner.

Learner example:

Dear Sir, I am the secretary of the Student Committee in Bringtown College and I am writing to

thank you for your kind gesture [in] inviting me to the opening of the new Arts Centre.

"Word family: Nouns: humour

Adjectives: humorous

ADJECTIVE

funny, or making you laugh

Dictionary example:

a humorous book

Learner example:

To be more specific, the articles will include events taken from our college life, written in a

humorous, chatty way.

"VERB [T]

to communicate information, feelings, or images to someone

Dictionary example:

She always conveys a sense of enthusiasm for her work.

Learner example:

Being an Ambassador for Youth bears lot of responsibility, not only because the person must be

an outstanding character and widely well-known, but also because they must behave accordingly and be able to convey a positive message.

"Word family:

Nouns: hand, handful

NOUN [C]

go hand in hand

If two things go hand in hand, they exist together and are connected with each

other.

Dictionary example:

Prosperity goes hand in hand with investment.

Learner example:

Traffic and pollution go hand in hand.

at hand

near in time or space

Dictionary example:

Teachers are always close at hand to give help to any child who needs it.

Learner example:

I haven't had any lectures in English, but now and then there are lectures in English at the

University so you need to understand the spoken language with no dictionary at hand.

be in sb's hands

to be in someone's control or care

Dictionary example:

The matter is now in the hands of my solicitor.

Learner example:

If we [do] not hear from you within 10 days we shall be obliged to put the matter in the hands of

our solicitors which is not what we desire.

"Word family:

Adjectives: adequate, inadequate

Adverbs: adequately

ADJECTIVE

NOT GOOD

not good enough or too low in quality

Dictionary example:

Our equipment is totally inadequate for a job like this.

Learner example:

First of all, I found the seats inadequate and my seat belt was broken.

NOT ENOUGH

not enough

Dictionary example:

inadequate funds

Learner example:

So, the inadequate number of computers could not cover students' needs.

"Word family:

Nouns: history, historian

Adjectives: historic, historical

Adverbs: historically

NOUN

a history of sth

If you have a history of a particular problem or illness, you have already suffered

from it.

Dictionary example:

a man with a history of drug addiction

Learner example:

The characteristic we are born with is to a certain level affected by genetic factor[s] e.g. if a

mother has a history of depression her daughter or son will also have higher chance [of] get[ting] depression.

"Word family: Nouns: innocence Adjectives: innocent

Adverbs: innocently

NOUN [U]

NOT GUILTY

when someone is not guilty of a crime

Dictionary examples:

She pleaded her innocence, but no one believed her. She fought to prove her son's innocence.

Learner example:

They were released after seven years in jail and were determined to prove their innocence and find

the real murderer.

"NOUN [C]

a reduction of something, usually to save money

Dictionary example:

The company has made cutbacks and closed one of its factories.

Learner example:

There have been enormous cutbacks in the budget and children and teenagers are the ones who have suffered the most.

"NOUN [C]

ICE

a very large piece of ice that floats in the sea

Dictionary example:

The ship hit an iceberg.

Learner example:

Another animal you cannot miss is the Humboldt p[e]nguin - you can see thousands of them over an iceberg.

"Word family: Nouns: interference

Verbs: interfere

VERB [I]

CAUSE PROBLEMS

to prevent something from working effectively or from developing successfully

Dictionary example:

I try not to let my dancing classes interfere with my schoolwork.

Learner example:

We realise this activity would interfere with our visit to the Science Museum, but we, in exchange,

would gladly give [up] our free time [o]n Wednesday to perform the programme completely.

"Word family:

Nouns: definition Verbs: define

Adjectives: definite, definitive

Adverbs: definitely, indefinitely

ADVERB

definitely not

used after an adverb in short, negative replies

Dictionary example:

""Do you think the work will be finished by June?"" ""Definitely not.""

Learner example:

That's nice, but do you think that money is all that matters? Definitely not!

Word family:

Nouns: definition Verbs: define

Adjectives: definite, definitive

Adverbs: definitely, indefinitely

NOUN

IMAGE

[U] how clear an image of something is in a photograph or on a screen

Dictionary examples:

high-definition TV

There is a slight loss of definition in the picture quality on transfer.

Learner example:

And, do not forget to appreciate the keyboard work from the legendary Tony Banks, and the

spectacular guitar-playing from Mike Rutherford, all of them surrounded by three huge high- definition screens.

delegate

"Word family: Nouns: inclusion Verbs: include

Adjectives: inclusive

ADJECTIVE

An inclusive price or amount includes everything.

Dictionary example:

Prices are inclusive of flights and accommodation.

Learner example:

When considering the rent, inclusive or exclusive [of] bill[s] will make a big difference.

"Word family:

Nouns: justification

Verbs: justify

Adjectives: justifiable, justified, unjustified

ADJECTIVE

fair or having a good reason

Dictionary examples:

justified criticism

He's perfectly justified in asking for a salary increase.

Learner example:

Finally, I would strongly recommend that steps are taken to remedy matters and feel we are

justified in requesting partial compensation.

"Word family:

Nouns: sensitivity

Adjectives: sensitive, insensitive

ADJECTIVE

PEOPLE

not noticing or not caring about other people's feelings

Dictionary examples:

an insensitive remark

He was completely insensitive to Maria's feelings.

Learner example:

This way of thinking is very important because a person who spends a lot of time alone can become self-centred and insensitive to others.

"Word family: Nouns: difficulty

Adjectives: difficult

ADJECTIVE

put sb in a difficult position

to cause someone to be in a difficult situation

Dictionary example:

When two of your best friends argue it puts you in a very difficult position.

Learner example:

I know that I will put you in a difficult position with my absence but I must leave.

"Word family:

Nouns: invasion Verbs: invade

VERB

PLACE

[T] to enter a place in large numbers

Dictionary example:

Every summer the town is invaded by tourists.

Learner example:

As tourists invade us in large hoards, the menace of destroying the green values of our land appears.

"NOUN [C]

the way that something is arranged

Dictionary examples:

Pay attention to the layout of your report. Do you like the layout of the kitchen?

Learner example:

Concerning the layout of the new centre, I think that the changes you proposed to the size and

location of the coffee bar will be of invaluable help.

"VERB [I or T]

kick in PHRASAL VERB

to start to be effective or to happen

Dictionary example:

The new tax rate kicks in next month.

Learner example:

It is at this time that the hormones start to kick in resulting in most of them having to suffer the side effects.

kick off PHRASAL VERB

When a football match or other event kicks off, it starts.

Dictionary example:

What time does the match kick off?

kick sb out PHRASAL VERB

to force someone to leave a place or organization

Dictionary example:

His wife kicked him out.

Learner example:

He will kick you out of his house without thanking you.

"VERB

END

[T OFTEN PASSIVE] to end an organization or official arrangement

Dictionary example:

They decided to dissolve the partnership.

Learner example:

Now, the Parliament is dissolved and we are waiting for new elections.

"Word family: Verbs: dislike, like

PREPOSITION

like crazy INFORMAL

doing something a lot or in a fast way

Dictionary example:

We worked like crazy to get everything finished.

Learner example:

My heart was beating like crazy and when the ski-boat started its journey along the blue waves of the sea...

"ADJECTIVE

relating to the belief that wealth and power should be shared equally

Dictionary example:

He is interested in left-wing politics.

Learner example:

Women's politics are usually followed by the left-wing parties in Austria.

"Word family: Adjectives: drastic

Adverbs: drastically

ADVERB

in a drastic way

Dictionary example:

The number of bees has drastically declined due to a combination of factors.

Learner example:

Conditions have changed drastically after the reunification.

NOUN [C]

a current of cold air in a room

Dictionary example:

There's a terrible draught coming from under the door.

Learner example:

When it is windy we can feel a draught.

"NOUN [C]

an animal that feeds its babies on milk from its body

Dictionary example:

Dolphins and other sea mammals are being harmed by waste in the oceans.

Learner example:

To admire some of the sea mammals, like the dol[ph]ins and the whales, the best possible spot

would be a small, isolated Aegean isle.

"NOUN [C]

someone who listens

Dictionary examples:

The new radio station already has twelve million listeners. She's a good listener.

Learner example:

She is a good listener, as well as quite talkative.

"VERB

ACCEPT

to accept new ideas, beliefs, methods, etc. in an enthusiastic way

Dictionary example:

We are always eager to embrace the latest technology.

Learner example:

They seem to have embraced ""the new deal"" symbolising ""freedom"".

INCLUDE

to include a number of things

Dictionary example:

The report embraces a wide range of opinions.

Learner example:

This should embrace things like examination entries (I was not able to enter for any exam [due to]

time constrain[t]s), as well as ""social affairs"".

"Word family: Nouns: mess

Adjectives: messy

VERB

mess about/around PHRASAL VERB

PLAY

INFORMAL to spend time playing and doing things with no particular purpose

Dictionary examples:

I was just messing around on the computer.

She'd spent the day with friends, just messing about.

Learner example:

Well, you could do baby-sitting, but if you don't like kids messing around, don't worry, there are many other jobs.

WASTE TIME

to waste time, often by doing things that are not important

Dictionary example:

Stop messing around and do your homework!

Learner example:

Every day we are informed about young people ""causing problems"", ""trouble"" [or] ""messing around"".

"Word family:

Nouns: establishment

Verbs: establish

NOUN

ORGANIZATION

[C] FORMAL a business or other organization, or the place where an organization operates

Dictionary example:

an educational/religious establishment

Learner example:

Even if you do not enjoy novel eating experiences, this establishment is worth a visit due to its architecture and atmosphere.

STARTING

[U] when an organization, school, business, etc. is started

Dictionary example:

the establishment of a new national bank

Learner example:

That explains the establishment of various fast-food restaurants in our countries, which spread in

a[n] incredibly quick way, and have changed our eating habits in a short time.

ADJECTIVE

relating to a particular race of people

Dictionary example:

ethnic minorities

Learner example:

Over 98% of the population are ethnic Chinese.

"NOUN [C]

SYMBOL

a symbol which is used for giving information

Dictionary examples:

I've put a mark on the map where I think we should go for a picnic.

What do those marks in the middle of the road mean?

Learner example:

As you walk through the valley, always following the red marks on the path, you will run into many interesting views: from climbers climbing the walls of the valley to waterfalls coming from

the top of it.

VERB

DAMAGE/MAKE DIRTY

[T] to leave an area of dirt or damage on something

Dictionary example:

Make sure you don't mark the paintwork while you're moving the furniture around.

"Word family: Nouns: exposure

Verbs: expose

NOUN

[U] when someone experiences something or is affected by it because they are in a particular situation or place

Dictionary examples:

There is a risk of exposure to radiation.

Many young children now have exposure to computers in the home.

Learner example:

Due to exposure to low temperatures throughout the tour I developed pneumonia and had to be

admitted to hospital on arrival [in] London.

"VERB [T]

to watch something carefully and record your results

Dictionary examples:

to monitor progress

The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels.

Learner example:

Their life is being monitored and broadcast throughout the country, and every week the audience

decide who has to leave.

"ADJECTIVE

showing qualities that people generally think are typical of women

Dictionary examples:

a feminine voice

feminine beauty

Learner example:

When my grandmother was a young women, it was a must for her to wear a dress or at least a skirt and a very feminine blouse.

"NOUN [C]

miles

a very long distance

Dictionary examples:

We drove for miles along dusty roads.

Her cottage is miles from the nearest village.

Learner example:

And then, when it seems as if you have walked for miles, you enter the magnificent Forum Romanum.

"Word family:

Adjectives: formal, informal

Adverbs: formally, informally

ADJECTIVE

STUDY

[ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] Formal education, training, etc. happens through studying rather than working in a job.

Dictionary example:

Tom had little formal schooling.

Learner example:

I never had any formal training in computers but I know how to operate the system, to make files and to use [the] internet.

OFFICIAL

[ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] public or official

Dictionary example:

a formal announcement/apology

Learner example:

For that reason, I have to ask you for a formal apology in print, where you could give the correct

version of events and also change the bad image you gave to the readers of the people of my organisation.

"Word family:

Nouns: nature

Adjectives: natural, unnatural

Adverbs: naturally

ADVERB

LIFE

happening or existing as part of nature and not made or done by people

Dictionary examples:

A healthy body will be able to fight off the illness naturally without the use of medicine. He has naturally blonde hair.

Learner example:

Sometimes people say women are naturally stronger tha[n] men.

Word family:

Nouns: nature

Adjectives: natural, unnatural Adverbs: naturally

NOUN

TYPE

[NO PLURAL] FORMAL type

Dictionary examples:

What exactly is the nature of your business?

I don't like hunting and things of that nature.

Learner example:

He claims that he did not improve his English because of the nature of the job.

"Word family:

Nouns: motivation, motive Verbs: motivate

Adjectives: motivated

NOUN

REASON

[C] the need or reason for doing something

Dictionary example:

What was the motivation for the attack?

Learner example:

Although money is the main motivation, for many people, to work I have come across many

people who ha[ve] worked volunt[ari]ly or [for] less money to gain relev[a]nt experience.

"NOUN [C or U]

INCREASE

an increase in something such as size, weight, or amount

Dictionary example:

Side effects of the drugs may include tiredness, headaches or weight gain.

Learner example:

Consumption of pre-cooked meals, fast food, [and] canned food not only results in weight gain

but also cause[s] health problems.

"ADVERB

despite what has just been said

Dictionary example:

He was extremely rude in meetings. Nonetheless, his arguments found some support.

Learner example:

Nonetheless, all the people from whom I have received letters are satisfied, as well as their

children, who enjoyed the stories and the pony rides very much.

"VERB (going, went, gone)

go hand in hand

If two things go hand in hand, they exist together and are connected with each

other.

Dictionary example:

Prosperity goes hand in hand with investment.

Learner example:

Traffic and pollution go hand in hand.

keep sb going

to provide what someone needs for a short period of time

Dictionary example:

Dinner is at eight, but I had an apple to keep me going.

Learner example:

Because of health concerns, advertisements lately show the people in Holland how important it is

to have a good breakfast and that it will keep you going the whole day.

go from strength to strength

to continue to become more successful

Dictionary example:

The business is going from strength to strength.

Learner example:

To sum up, I believe that if the suggestions outlined above are put into action our magazine will

go from strength to strength.

"Word family: Nouns: need Verbs: need

Adjectives: needless

ADJECTIVE

needless to say

as you would expect

Dictionary example:

Needless to say, it rained the whole time we were there.

Learner example:

Needless to say, bribes are a frequent occur[r]ence.

"VERB [T]

have sth against sb/sth

to have a reason not to like someone or something

Dictionary example:

I've got nothing against him personally, I just don't think he's the right man for the job.

Learner example:

If you have nothing against taking public transport, I suggest taking a bus.

"Word family: Nouns: obligation Verbs: oblige

Adjectives: obligatory

ADJECTIVE

COMPULSORY

If something is obligatory, you must do it because of a rule or duty.

Dictionary example:

obligatory military service

Learner example:

I think this is a very good way of encouraging people to learn to like exercise without them having to do it because it is obligatory.

"Word family: Nouns: note Verbs: note Adjectives: notable

Adverbs: notably

ADJECTIVE

important or interesting

Dictionary example:

With one notable exception, everyone replied to my letter.

Learner example:

A notable exception is the advertising of so-called ""slow-food"" restaurants, which promote [a] healthy lifestyle.

"Word family: Nouns: horizon

Adjectives: horizontal

ADJECTIVE

level and flat, or parallel to the ground or to the bottom of a page

Dictionary example:

a horizontal line/stripe

Learner example:

Years are projected along the horizontal axis.

NOUN [C]

ANIMAL

one of the two hard, pointed growths on the heads of cows, goats, and some other animals

Dictionary example:

These cows have curved horns.

Learner example:

Far in the south of Chile, you will find the smallest deer of the world called ""Pudù"". It is only 25 cm. tall, doesn't have big horns and eats fruit.

"Word family:

Nouns: opposite, opposition

Verbs: oppose

Adjectives: opposite, opposed

Adverbs: opposite

ADJECTIVE

the opposite sex

people who are the other sex from you

Dictionary example:

He would never dare to speak to a member of the opposite sex.

Learner example:

This is not only about trying to impress (preferably) a person of the opposite sex, but fashion also

gives you a great chance to express yourself.

"NOUN [C]

something that makes it hard for you to go somewhere or to succeed at something

Dictionary examples:

to overcome an obstacle

His refusal to talk is the main obstacle to peace.

Learner example:

Nowadays if you are a member of a football club, for example, you have to pay a great amount of

money. This can be an obstacle for a lot of young people.

"Word family: Adjectives: immense

Adverbs: immensely

ADJECTIVE

extremely big

Dictionary examples:

immense pressure/value

Health care costs the country an immense amount of money.

Learner example:

Jobs in the computer and telecommunications industry have gained immense respect in the past

ten years.

"CONJUNCTION

REASON

used to give a reason for something you have said

Dictionary example:

She must love him or she wouldn't have stayed with him all these years.

or two

used to show a very small number, usually one or two

Dictionary example:

I'd like to say a word or two about loyalty.

Learner example:

Many fathers do not realize what they are missing by not demanding the privilege of staying at home with the child, at least for a month or two.

"Word family:

Nouns: industry, industrialization

Adjectives: industrial, industrialized, industrious

ADJECTIVE (ALSO UK industrialised)

Industrialized countries have a lot of industry.

Dictionary example:

the industrialized nations

Learner example:

The role of women has changed during the past 100 years but there are still a lot of changes needed not only in developing countries but also in industrialized countries like Germany.

"Word family:

Verbs: overwhelm

Adjectives: overwhelming

ADJECTIVE

very strong in effect or large in amount

Dictionary examples:

She felt an overwhelming urge/desire/need to tell someone about what had happened.

She said how much she appreciated the overwhelming generosity of the public in responding to the appeal.

An overwhelming majority have voted in favour of the proposal.

Learner example:

Therefore, the overwhelming majority of school-leavers annually strive to enter a state institution of higher education.

"NOUN [C]

TOOL

a tool that is used for doing something

Dictionary example:

scientific instruments

Learner example:

You can also see Roman medical instruments and tools, for example a pioneer axe and different

knives.

"Word family:

Nouns: pain Adjectives: painful

NOUN

be a pain in the neck INFORMAL

to be annoying

Dictionary example:

My brother can be a real pain in the neck sometimes.

Learner example:

He's adorable although sometimes he can really be a pain in the neck (don't tell him I wrote this.)

"Word family: Nouns: jealousy Adjectives: jealous

Adverbs: jealously

NOUN [U]

a feeling of unhappiness or anger because you want what someone else has or

fear that someone will take what you have

Dictionary examples:

He broke his brother's new bike in a fit of jealousy.

Jealousy can ruin relationships.

Learner example:

What is more, the most successful colleagues generated some jealousy and incomprehension [in] the others.

"NOUN

[PLURAL] the people who work for an organization

Dictionary example:

military personnel

Learner example:

We also employ 10000 workers in 10 factories across the country and additional administrative personnel.

"NOUN [C]

STAGES

a series of increasingly important jobs or stages in a particular type of work or process

Dictionary examples:

a first step on the employment ladder

He moved rapidly up the corporate ladder.

Learner example:

Far too often it is not ""the key"" but ""the missing link"", preventing us from taking the next step on

the career ladder.

"Word family: Nouns: picture

Adjectives: picturesque

NOUN

put/keep sb in the picture INFORMAL

to explain to someone what is happening

Dictionary example:

Jim had no idea what was going on till I put him in the picture.

Learner example:

Tell him you are friends of mine. (I will put him in the picture!)

VERB [T]

to imagine something in a particular way

Dictionary example:

The house isn't at all how I had pictured it.

Learner example:

Picture this: one house, one bathroom, one bedroom, approximately 100 cameras, 9 people from

all possible walks of life and no contact with the world outside.

"NOUN [C]

RANK

a position within a system in which people are arranged according to their importance

Dictionary example:

These are subjects for discussion at management level.

Learner example:

But there is one big problem if the women can reach the upper management level: those women won't have any children.

"Word family: Nouns: post Verbs: post

Adjectives: postal

ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]

relating to the system of sending letters and parcels

Dictionary example:

the postal service/system

Learner example:

It's just another strike that has affected our everyday life, and Polish postal services in particular.

"NOUN [C]

a room in a hotel, theatre, airport, etc. where people can relax or wait

Dictionary example:

Drinks were served in the lounge.

Learner example:

In the central lounge you'll find an automatic bus ticket machine.

"PRONOUN

take it from me

accept that what I say is true, because I know or have experienced it

Dictionary example:

You could be doing a much less interesting job, take it from me.

Learner example:

As you pro[b]ably already know, Greeks love sport so, take it from me, you won't have difficulty in

finding sports facilities of any kind, wherever you decide to go.

"Word family: Nouns: practice

Verbs: practise

VERB [I or T]

WORK

to work as a doctor or a lawyer

Dictionary example:

to practise medicine/law

Learner example:

Many wom[e]n practise law and become judges.

"Word family: Nouns: privilege

Adjectives: privileged

ADJECTIVE

ADVANTAGE

having an advantage that only one person or group has, usually because of their position or because they are rich

Dictionary examples:

a privileged upbringing

As an ambassador, she enjoys a very privileged status.

Learner example:

Today we [are] so privileged, life has become so easy in many ways.

"Word family: Nouns: information

Verbs: inform, misinform

Adjectives: informative

VERB [T OFTEN PASSIVE]

to give someone false information

Dictionary example:

I'm afraid you've been misinformed about your exam results.

Learner example:

From the article, I got the impression that your reporter was misinformed about certain facts

which are crucial for a better [understanding] of the event.

"PRONOUN

(all) to myself

for my use only

Dictionary examples:

I'll have the flat all to myself this weekend. I need a couple of hours to myself.

Learner example:

This is because if I live[d] in a triple-storey [house], I would get a room all to myself.

"Word family: Nouns: protection Verbs: protect

Adjectives: protective

ADJECTIVE

WANTING TO PROTECT

wanting to protect someone from criticism, hurt, danger, etc. because you like them

Dictionary examples:

It's easy to be too protective towards/of your children.

She's fiercely protective of the man she married 29 years ago.

Learner example:

She is very protective with children [in] her custody and can get very aggressive to protect them from strangers or dogs.

"Word family: Nouns: news Adjectives: new

Adverbs: newly

ADJECTIVE

new blood

new people in an organization who will provide new ideas and energy

Dictionary example:

We need some new blood in the organization.

Learner example:

It will give new opportunities to new generations and thus will [provide] new blood in the

differe[n]t organisations.

"Word family:

Nouns: producer, product, production, productivity, reproduction

Verbs: produce, reproduce

Adjectives: productive, unproductive

NOUN [U]

the rate at which goods are produced or work is done

Dictionary example:

We need to increase productivity by 50%.

Learner example:

Though time-consuming, these staff would need to undergo re-training to be able to achieve the

highest level of productivity, besides getting accustomed to the nick-nacks of the Production Department.

"ADVERB

nowhere near

not close in distance, time, amount or quality

Dictionary examples:

The house was nowhere near the sea.

It's nowhere near time for us to leave yet.

I'm nowhere near finishing the book - I'm only half-way through it.

He's nowhere near as tall as his sister.

Learner example:

Although people are well aware of the current situation in Switzerland, they prefer looking at other countries and comparing us to them (we are nowhere near as fat as them).

"Word family: Nouns: omission

Verbs: omit

VERB [T]

to not include something

Dictionary examples:

She was omitted from the list of contributors to the report.

The Prince's tour conveniently omitted the most deprived areas of the city.

Learner example:

The advertisement had omitted some important facts about the school, like the rare possibility of

taking the exam, the problems with transport, the lack of advertised social activities.

omit to do sth

to not do something

Dictionary example:

She omitted to mention where she was going.

Learner example:

Thus, no-one else could fill the gap if they omit to teach their children basic principles of living [in] society.

"Word family: Nouns: rate, rating

NOUN

a measurement of how good or popular something or someone is

Dictionary example:

A high percentage of Americans gave the President a positive rating.

Learner example:

Overall your rating was excellent!

NOUN [C]

the relationship between two groups or amounts, which expresses how much bigger one is than the other

Dictionary examples:

The ratio of men to women at the conference was ten to one/10:1. The school is trying to improve its pupil-teacher ratio.

Learner example:

First, the ratio between cost and the per[ceived] value has become better since 2004, i.e., the

guests are more satisfied now and believe that your service is worth the money.

"Word family: Nouns: outrage Verbs: outrage

Adjectives: outrageous

VERB [T]

to cause someone to feel very angry, shocked, or upset

Dictionary example:

The proposed pay cut outraged the staff.

Learner example:

I was outraged when I was given a copy of an article published in your magazine.

outside

"Word family: Nouns: publicity Adjectives: public

Adverbs: publicly

ADVERB

If something is done publicly, it is done so that everyone can know about it

Dictionary example:

The company publicly apologized and agreed to contribute some money to charity.

Learner example:

It would be a sound opportunity for our singers to perform their new albums and make their work publicly known.

NOUN [C]

the regular movement of blood through your body when your heart is beating

Dictionary examples:

She put her fingers on my wrist to take my pulse (=count the number of beats per minute). My pulse rate is 70.

Learner example:

Nowadays, stressful things are all around you. They have bad effects on your work, private life or education, as well as sometimes causing you health problems such as high blood pressure, an

irregular pulse, etc.

"Word family:

Nouns: pay, payment Verbs: pay, repay

Adjectives: payable, underpaid, unpaid

ADJECTIVE

TO BE PAID

describes something to be paid

Dictionary example:

Rent is payable monthly.

Learner example:

We were informed by you that there would be nothing extra to be paid but in fact several admission fees were payable.

FOR PERSON

If a cheque is payable to a person, that person's name is written on the cheque and the money will be paid to them.

Dictionary example:

Cheques should be made payable to 'Express Enterprises'.

Learner example:

Please make your cheque payable to ""Mr. C. ZHANG"". I am looking forward to receiving your answer and the cheque I claimed before the end of this month.

"Word family: Nouns: readiness Adjectives: ready

Adverbs: readily

NOUN [U]

WILLING

when someone is willing to do something

Dictionary example:

They expressed a readiness to accept our demands.

Learner example:

Usually, the clients appreciate his readiness to use their language and this has often been a

significant factor in closing a deal.

"Word family: Nouns: poor

Adjectives: poor, poorly

Adverbs: poorly

NOUN

the poor

people who are poor

Dictionary example:

She spent her life working with the poor.

Learner example:

It is widely believed that under his management, Greece advanced economically and socially, made steps forward concerning the relationships with other countries and people, (especially the

poor) loved him, for he made them feel important.

"Word family:

Nouns: development, developer, redevelopment

Verbs: develop, redevelop

Adjectives: developed, developing, underdeveloped, undeveloped

when a place is made more modern by improving old buildings or building new ones

Dictionary example:

There has been a lot of redevelopment in this area.

Learner example:

I would like to invite other people to support this proposal and to try to explain [to] the opposition how nice our city centre would be after the proposed redevelopment.

"NOUN

LIQUID/GAS

[C or U] the force that a liquid or gas produces when it presses against an area

Dictionary example:

water pressure

Learner example:

The process of hydro-electric power generation is using the water pressure from the reservoir to

generate the power, which is then transported to [a] transformer station through high voltage cables.

"Word family: Adjectives: reluctant

Adverbs: reluctantly

ADJECTIVE

not wanting to do something

Dictionary example:

Many victims of crime are reluctant to go to the police.

Learner example:

However, Spanish husbands are very reluctant to share the housework.

"ADJECTIVE

IMPORTANT

important or famous

Dictionary example:

a prominent figure

Learner example:

It starts with two very important works of Albrecht Durer, one of the most prominent painters of his time, not only in Germany.

"Word family: Nouns: rest Verbs: rest

Adjectives: restless

ADJECTIVE

NOT STILL

unable to be still or relax because you are bored or nervous

Dictionary example:

The audience was getting restless.

Learner example:

The children that travel become very restless when they cannot see any movies or are not offered

any games or any other entertainment from the staff.

"Word family:

Nouns: race, racism, racist

Adjectives: racial, racist

Adverbs: racially

ADVERB

in a way that is connected to someone's race

Dictionary example:

racially motivated attacks

Learner example:

He respects people's values and rights and can easily integrate and assert himself in a multi-

cultural or racially diversified environment.

"NOUN [C]

someone you try to behave like because you admire them

Dictionary example:

Jane is such a good role model for her younger sister.

Learner example:

Pele was voted Athlete of the Century for his outstanding performance and for being such a

positive role model for other athletes and youth in general.

"Word family:

Nouns: receipt, reception, receptionist Verbs: receive

Adjectives: receptive

VERB [T]

REACT

to react to a suggestion or piece of work in a particular way

Dictionary example:

His first book was not well received.

Learner example:

The English lessons in the mornings were well received but I wonder if it is possible to get more

variety?

"Word family:

Nouns: savings, saving

Verbs: save

NOUN [C]

LESS MONEY

when you use or spend less money than you would usually have to

Dictionary example:

a saving of £20.

Learner example:

I know that it sounds as if the company had to spend a lot of money on retraining, but in the long term this will be a saving.

"Word family: Verbs: regard

Adverbs: regardless

ADVERB

regardless of

without being affected or influenced by anything else that happens or exists

Dictionary example:

This job is open to all, regardless of previous experience.

Learner example:

People listen to music regardless of their age group or their social status.

"Word family: Nouns: sensation

Adjectives: sensational

ADJECTIVE

SHOCKING

done in a way that is intended to shock people

Dictionary example:

sensational journalism

Learner example:

I think that the journalists desired sensational news far too much and they exaggerated.

"Word family:

Nouns: place, replacement, displacement

Verbs: place, replace, displace, misplace

NOUN

PROCESS

[U] the process of replacing something with something else

Dictionary examples:

the replacement of existing computer equipment replacement windows

Learner example:

But by using much larger desks, we will be able to use the equipment more efficiently and this will

reduce the cost for the replacement of broken equipment.

"Word family:

Nouns: reversal, reverse

Verbs: reverse

Adjectives: irreversible, reversible

VERB

CHANGE

[T] to change a situation or change the order of things so that it becomes the opposite

Dictionary examples:

Now that you have a job and I don't, our situations are reversed. It is unlikely that the judge will reverse his decision.

Let's reverse the order - I'll give the first talk and you go second.

Learner example:

This trend should be reversed in the near future.

NOUN [U]

in reverse

in the opposite order or way

Dictionary example:

Do the same steps but this time in reverse.

Learner example:

They want to see what they are not like, how they would not react and this, in reverse, helps them [to] find themselves.

VERB [T]

CONSIDER

to consider something again in order to decide if changes should be made

Dictionary examples:

The courts will review her case.

The committee is reviewing the current arrangement.

Learner example:

On the other hand I would like to ask you kindly to review my conditions of employment and to

take in consideration my expenses, which I think would be more than correct.

"Word family:

Nouns: shortage, short Verbs: shorten Adjectives: short

Adverbs: shortly, short

VERB [I or T]

to become shorter or to make something shorter

Dictionary example:

Smoking shortens your life.

Learner example:

Maybe we could shorten the free day to half a day and make use of the other half to bring them

out for some sightseeing and familiarisation.

"Word family:

Nouns: run, runner, running Verbs: run

VERB (running, ran, run)

WORKING

[I or T] If a piece of equipment is running, it is switched on and working, and if you run it, you switch it on and make it work.

Dictionary example:

The engine is running more smoothly now.

Learner example:

We could start a campaign where people are reminded not to leave their car, lorry or bus engines running for more than one minute if stationary.

PUBLISH

[T] to publish something in a newspaper or magazine

Dictionary example:

All the papers are running this story on the front page.

Learner example:

If we run a story on ""HIV Symptoms"" we could have a very succes[s]ful first issue.

"NOUN [C]

from scratch

If you do something from scratch, you do it from the beginning.

Dictionary example:

We didn't have any furniture of our own so we had to start from scratch.

Learner example:

That means you don't have to start from scratch with your teacher.

VERB

FIND ANSWER

[I] to try to find an answer to a problem

Dictionary example:

Doctors are still searching for a cure.

Learner example:

The governments are therefore searching for solutions to compensate [for] the lack of financial

resources.

"NOUN [C]

a short phrase that is easy to remember and is used to make people notice

something

Dictionary example:

an advertising slogan

Learner example:

Our slogan is ""BE CREATIVE"".

"Word family: Nouns: sex

Adjectives: sexual, sexy

NOUN [U]

the opposite sex

people who are the other sex from you

Dictionary example:

He would never dare to speak to a member of the opposite sex.

Learner example:

This is not only about trying to impress (preferably) a person of the opposite sex, but fashion also gives you a great chance to express yourself.

Word family:

Nouns: sex

Adjectives: sexual, sexy

ADJECTIVE

MALE OR FEMALE

! relating to being male or female

Dictionary examples:

Sexual equality will not be achieved until there is more provision for childcare. Some steps have been taken towards ending sexual discrimination.

Learner example:

But we must not forget that there is still sexual discrimination when women apply for jobs higher up in [a] hierarchy.

"Word family:

Nouns: specialist, speciality Verbs: specialize Adjectives: special

Adverbs: specially

NOUN [C]

a product, skill, etc. that a person or place is especially known for

Dictionary example:

We tasted a local speciality made from goat's cheese.

Learner example:

But even McDonald's realised there is another trend on the rise - local food and specialities - and

therefor[e] started putting them on the[ir] menu.

"NOUN [C or U]

a model of something that can be used to teach someone how to do something, or

the process of making such a model

Dictionary example:

Students can study a computer simulation of these atomic processes.

Learner example:

Civilisation is one of the best-selling simulation games of all time.

"NOUN [C]

BEST

someone or something that is better than all the others in a group

Dictionary examples:

He is one of our star players.

She was the star of the English class.

Learner example:

He led Brazil to win two more World Cups, and in both of them he was the star player, the black

prince.

two-star/three-star, etc.

used to show how good a restaurant or hotel is

Dictionary example:

a five-star hotel

Learner example:

Also the facilities were great and people started building houses, and the small village became an attractive town with museums, universities, wonderful beaches, five-star hotels and other

beautiful facilities.

"Word family: Adjectives: sole

Adverbs: solely

ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]

only or not shared with anyone else

Dictionary examples:

My sole objective is to make the information more widely available.

The sole survivor of the accident was found in the water after six hours. She has sole responsibility for the project.

Learner example:

Creating a library for this sole purpose would be ideal for our school's language department.

"Word family: Nouns: strength Verbs: strengthen Adjectives: strong

Adverbs: strongly

NOUN

GOOD QUALITIES

[C] a good quality or ability that makes someone or something effective

Dictionary examples:

We all have our strengths and weaknesses.

The great strength of this arrangement is its simplicity.

As everything, education in Spain has its strengths and weaknesses.

BEING BRAVE

[U] when you are brave or determined in difficult situations

Dictionary examples:

I think she showed great strength of character. He has a great deal of inner strength.

Learner example:

All in all, being famous takes a lot of courage and strength of personality to be able to face fame and all the risks that come along [with it].

go from strength to strength

to continue to become more successful

Dictionary example:

The business is going from strength to strength.

Learner example:

To sum up, I believe that if the suggestions outlined above are put into action our magazine will

go from strength to strength.

"NOUN [C]

the long structure of bones down the centre of your back, which supports your

body

Dictionary example:

She injured her spine in a riding accident.

Learner example:

I had to carry my luggage to my room on the 3rd floor, which was hard as I suffer from a spine injury.

Word family:

Nouns: spirit Adjectives: spiritual Adverbs: spiritually

NOUN

NOT BODY

[C or U] the part of a person which is not their body, which some people believe continues to exist after they die

Dictionary example:

I believe my spirit will live on after I die.

Learner example:

I would like to tell [José San Martin] that even if he could not reach his goal, without him, we would still [be] a dependent country. Furthermore, that his spirit was, is and will be in our hearts and minds.

DRINK

! [C] a strong alcoholic drink, such as whisky or vodka

Dictionary example:

I don't often drink spirits.

Learner example:

There will be [starter]s, meat, fish, desserts... and a lot of Rioja's wine, of course! Champagne and

spirits too.

"Word family:

Nouns: supervision, supervisor

Verbs: supervise

NOUN [U]

when you supervise someone or something

Dictionary examples:

He needs constant supervision.

Students are not allowed to handle these chemicals unless they are under the supervision of a

teacher.

Learner example:

The little one was bui[l]t especially for you, so that you can leave your children under the supervision of two well-trained lifeguards.

"Word family: Adjectives: steady

Adverbs: steadily

ADJECTIVE

NOT CHANGING

not changing

Dictionary example:

She drove at a steady speed.

Learner example:

Once on the road, keep a steady speed (not too slow, not too fast) and try to look confident.