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CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
I- ______ CLASSIFICATION
(Focuses on amount of movement) S A D
§ _____ (Immovable joints)
§ _____ (slightly movable joints)
§ _____ (Freely movable joints)
II- _______ CLASSIFICATION
(Based on the material binding them and presence or absence of a joint cavity)
§ _____
I- FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
§ Synarthroses (Immovable joints)
§ Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)
§ Diarthroses (Freely movable joints)
II- STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
§ Bony fusion
§ Fibrous
§ Cartilaginous
§ Synovial
TABLE OF JOINT TYPES
Functional (across)
Structural (down)
Synarthrosis
(immovable joints)
Amphiarthrosis
(some movement)
Diarthrosis
(freely movable)
Bony Fusion
Synostosis
(frontal=metopic suture;
epiphyseal lines)
Fibrous
Suture (found in skull only)
-fibrous tissue is
continuous with
periosteum
Gomphosis (found in teeth)
-ligament is peri-odontal
ligament
Syndesmosis
-ligaments between
bones; ligaments are
short so ,with some
movement (example:
tib-fib ligament)
-ligament longer
(example: radioulnar
interosseous
membrane)
Cartilaginous
(bone united by cartilage
only)
Synchondrosis
-hyaline cartilage
(examples: manubrium-
1st rib, epiphyseal plates)
Symphesis
-fibrocartilage
(examples: between
discs, pubic symphesis
Synovial
ARE ALL
DIARTHROTIC
I- BONY FUSION
• Ex. frontal= ____________; ____________
• Ex. frontal= Metopic suture; Epiphyseal lines
II- ______ JOINTS
Bones connected by fibrous tissue:
______tissue
______ joint cavity
Slightly immovable or not at all
§ Types
§ ______- no movement
§ ______- some movement of freely movable
II- FIBROUS JOINTS
dense regular connective tissue
No joint cavity
§ Sutures- no movement
§ Gomphoses- no movement
§ Syndesmoses- some movement of freely movable
A. _______
§ Only between bones of skull
§ Fibrous tissue continuous with periosteum
§ Ossify and fuse in middle age: now technically called “_______”= Bony _______/_______
A. SUTURES
§ Ossify and fuse in middle age: now technically called “SYNOSTOSES”= Bony junctions/fusion
B. _______ /_______
§ Is a “PEG-IN-SOCKET”
§ Only example is _______ with its socket
§ Ligament is a short
§ _______ ligament
B. GOMPHOSIS/SES
§ Only example is TOOTH with its socket
§ peri-odontal ligament
C. _______
§ In Greek: “LIGAMENT”
§ Bones connected by ligaments only
§ Amount of movement depends on _______of the fibers: longer than in sutures
§ The longer the fibrous fibers, the more movement
C. SYNDESMOSIS/ SES
§ Amount of movement depends on LENGTH of the fibers: longer than in sutures
III- _______ JOINTS
§Articulating bones united by cartilage
§_______a joint cavity
§Not highly movable
§Two types
§ _______ /_______
§_______ /_______
III- CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
§Lack a joint cavity
§Synchondrosis /synchondroses
§Symphysis / symphyses
A. _______ /_______
§ Literally: “junction of cartilage”
§ _______ cartilage unites the bones
§ Immovable (_______)
§ Examples:
§ _______
§ Joint between _______ and _______ of the sternum
A. SYNCHONDROSIS / SYNCHONDROSES
§ Hyaline cartilage unites the bones
§ Immovable (synarthroses)
§ Epiphyseal plates
§ Joint between first rib’s costal cartilage and manubrium of the sternum
§ Literally “GROWING TOGETHER”
§ _______ (type of cartilage) unites the bones
§ Slightly movable (_______)
§ Resilient shock absorber
§ Provide strength and flexibility
§ _______cartilage on articular surfaces of bones to reduce friction
B. SYMPHYSIS/ SYMPHESES
§ FIBROCARTILAGE unites the bones
§ Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
§ Hyaline cartilage on articular surfaces of bones to reduce friction
§ Intervertebral discs
§ Pubic symphysis of the pelvis
IV- _______ JOINTS
§Include most of the body’s joints
§All are _______ (freely movable)
§All contain _______-filled joint cavity
IV- SYNOVIAL JOINTS
§All are diarthroses (freely movable)
§All contain fluid-filled joint cavity
General Structure of Synovial Joints
1. Articular cartilage
§ ________ (cartilage?)
§ Spongy cushions absorb compression
§ Protects ends of bones from being crushed
2. Joint (synovial) cavity
§ Potential space
§ ______ amount of synovial fluid
§ Hyaline
§ Small amount of synovial fluid
General structure of synovial joints (cont.)
3. Articular (or joint) capsule
§ Two layered
§ 1. Outer*: fibrous capsule of ___________________
tissue continuous with periosteum
§ 2. Inner*: synovial membrane of ___________________ tissue (makes synovial fluid)
Lines all internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage
§ 1. Outer*: fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective
§ 2. Inner*: synovial membrane of loose connective tissue (makes synovial fluid)
4. ________ fluid
§ Filtrate of blood
§ Contains special glycoproteins
§ Nourishes cartilage and functions as slippery lubricant
§ “_________” lubricatioin
5. ________ ligaments (some joints)
§ _________ (most) – thickened parts of capsule
§ _________
4. Synovial fluid
§ “Weeping” lubricatioin
5. Reinforcing ligaments (some joints)
§ Capsular (most) – thickened parts of capsule
§ Extracapsular
§ Intracapsular
6. _____
§ Detect pain
§ Monitor ______ (one of the ways of sensing posture and
body movements)
7. Blood vessels
§ Rich blood supply
§ Extensive _________ in synovial membrane (produce
the blood filtrate)
6. Nerves
§ Monitor stretch (one of the ways of sensing posture and
§ Extensive capillary beds in synovial membrane (produce
Some joints have ...
§ ___________ or M___________
(literally “crescent”)
§ Only seen in some joints
§ Those with bone ends of different shapes or fitting poorly
§ Some to allow two kinds of movement of fibrocartilage
___________
§ ARTICULAR DISC or MENISCUS
knee
TMJ (temporomandibular joint)
sternoclavicular joint
____ AND _______
§ Contain synovial fluid
§ They are not _____ but often associated with joints
§ They Act like _____
§ Bursa means “_______” in Latin
§ Flattened sac lined by synovial membrane
Where ligaments, muscles, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub together
§ Tendon sheath
§ Only present in tendons subjected to friction
BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS
§ They are not joints but often associated with joints
§ They Act like ball bearings
§ Bursa means “purse” in Latin
Movements allowed by synovial joints
§ Gliding
§ Angular movements: ↑ or ↓ the angle between two
bones DO TOGETHER
§ Flexion
§ Extension
§ Abduction
§ Adduction
§ Circumduction
§ Rotation
§ Special movements
Special movements ( Review )
§ Pronation
§ Supination
§ Dorsiflexion
§ Plantar flexion
§ Inversion
§ Eversion
§ Protraction
§ Retraction
§ Elevation
§ Depression
§ Opposition
Synovial joints are classified by the
S H A P E (OF THEIR ARTICULAR SURFACES)
§ Plane
§ Hinge
§ Pivot
§ Condyloid
§ Saddle
§ Ball-and-socket
SELECTED SYNOVIAL JOINTS
SHOULDER
(___________) JOINT
§ Stability sacrificed for _______
§ Ball and socket: _______ of humerus with _______ of scapula
§ _______ : rim of fibrocartilage
§ Thin, loose capsule
§ Strongest ligament: _______
§ Muscle tendons help stability
§ Disorders
(GLENOHUMERAL) JOINT
§ Stability sacrificed for mobility
§ Ball and socket: head of humerus with glenoid cavity of scapula
§ Glenoid labrum: rim of fibrocartilage
§ Strongest ligament: coracohumeral
ELBOW JOINT
§ _______: allows only _______ and _______
§ Hinge: allows only flexion and extension
WRIST JOINT
Two major joint surfaces
Several ligaments stabilize
1. _________ joint
§ Between radius and proximal carpals (_______ and _______)
§ ________ joint § Flexion extension adduction, abduction, circumduction
2. ________ or ________ joint
§ Between the proximal and distal rows of carpals
1. Radiocarpal joint
§ Between radius and proximal carpals (scaphoid and lunate)
§ Condyloid joint § Flexion extension adduction, abduction, circumduction
2. Intercarpal or midcarpal joint
HIP (________) JOINT
§ Ball and socket
§ Moves in all axes but limited by ligaments and deep socket
§ Three ____. ligaments “screw in” head of femur when standing
HIP (COXAL) JOINT
§ Three ext. ligaments “screw in” head of femur when standing
§ Iliofemoral
§ Pubofemoral
§ Ischiofemoral
__________ JOINT
§ Largest and most complex synovial joint
§ Primarily a _______
§ Compound and bicondyloid: _______ and _______ both have 2 condyles
§ _______ joint shares joint cavity
§ At least a _______ bursae
KNEE JOINT
§ Primarily a Hinge
§ Compound and bicondyloid: femur and tibia both have 2 condyles
§ Femoropatellar joint shares joint cavity
§ At least a dozen bursae
§ Prepatellar
§ Suprapatellar
some Synovial joints have
_______ LIGAMENTS
§ Cross each other (cruciate means cross)
§ _______ (_____)
§ _______ area of tibia to _______ side of _______ condyl of femur
§ _______ area of tibia to _______ side of _______ condyl
§ Functions(2):
- _______
CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS
§ Anterior cruciate (ACL)
§ Anterior intercondylar area of tibia to medial side of lateral condyl of femur
§ Posterior cruciate
§ Posterior intercondylar area of tibia to lateral side of medial condyl
§ Functions:
- Restraining straps
- Lock the knee
_______ JOINT
§ SADDLE JOINT
§ Only other example is _______ and metacarpal ___ ( _______ ), allowing opposion
§ _______ and _______ articulate with _______
§ Very stable: clavicle usually breaks before dislocation of joint
§ Only bony attachment of axial skeleton to pectoral girdle
STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT
§ Only other example is trapezium and metacarpal 1 (thumb), allowing opposion
§ Sternum and 1st costal (rib) cartilage articulate with clavicle
DISORDERS OF JOINTS
§ Injuries
- _______ ( _______?)
§ Inflammatory and degenerative conditions
_______(“DJD” – _______)
_______ (one of many “autoimmune” arthritites)
_______ (crystal arthropathy)
§Injuries
- Sprains ( STRAIN ?)
- Dislocations
- Torn cartilage
- Bursitis
- Tendinitis
- Arthritis
Osteoarthritis (“DJD” – degenerative joint disease)
Rheumatoid arthritis (one of many “autoimmune” arthritites)
Gout (crystal arthropathy)
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