List exogenous risk factors.
Diet rich in nitrates and/or salts (e.g., dried foods, foods preserved by curing or smoking) and low in fresh vegetables containing antioxidants
H. pylori infection
Nicotine use
Epstein-Barr virus
Low socioeconomic status
Obesity
List gastric conditions as endogenous risk factors.
Chronic atrophic gastritis and associated pernicious anemia [8]
Achlorhydria (e.g., due to Ménétrier disease)
Gastric ulcers [9]
Partial gastrectomy
Adenomatous gastric polyps
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
List hereditary factors as endogenous risk factors.
Positive family history
Blood type A
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
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