Hallmarks of Aging

daf-2 and age-1 mutations increase lifespan

• both IGF pathway

daf-16 extends lifespan

• nutrient sensing

• promotes life expanding genes, when nutrients low

• FOXO3 is human ortholog

caloric/dietary restriction

primary hallmarks: causes of damage

• genomic instability

• telomere alteration

• epigenetic alterations

• loss of proteostasis

antagonistic hallmarks: resoponses to damage

• deregulated nutrient sensing

• mitochondrial dysfunction

• cellular senescence

integrative hallmarks: culprits of the phenotype

• stem cell exhaustion

• altered intercellular communication