Kluckhon and Strodtbeck model
Cultural Model of Edward Hall
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
Hofstede Six dimensions of national culture
The extent to which members of a society accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally
Power Distance
The relation between individuals and his affiliate groups
Individuality vs. Collectivism
Emphasis of the society on success and the role of genders
Masculinity vs. Feminism
How to deal with emotional uncertainty
Uncertainty Avoidance
Long‐term or short‐term orientation in life
Long‐Term orientation
Perception about enjoyment of leisurely activities, spending etc. as being right or wrong
Indulgence vs. Restraint
Inequalities among people should be minimized
Show of power is looked down upon
Employees are part of decision‐making
Teachers are merely “subject experts”
Children have own will & are “equals”
Employees rather receive instructions
Children should obey parents and elders
Working relation with your boss, longer working time
Working for yourself, overthink your doings, working in a shift
Emphasis on harmony (avoid conflicts)
High context communication
Value standards differ for in‐groups and out‐groups (exclusionism)
In job, importance of relations
The group identity matters in professional life
Adult children live with parents
Individual privacy is subordinate to the group
Duty to speak‐up one’s true opinion
Low context communication
The same value standards are supposed to apply to everyone (universalism)
Adult children leave the parental home
In job, importance of tasks
Professionally, only qualification matters
Individual privacy is very important
North Korea, India Collectivist Societies or Individualist Societies?
Collectivist Societies
Germany Collectivist Societies or Individualist Societies?
Individualist Societies
Some young men and women want careers, others do not
Organizations should not interfere with people’s private lives
Women in more qualified jobs not particularly assertive
Less industrial conflict
Sweden, Norway, Finnland Low MAS Countries or High MAS Countries?
Low MAS Countries
Young men expect to make a career; those who don’t, see themselves as failures
Organizational interests are a legitimate reason for interfering with people’s private lives
More industrial conflict
Germany Low MAS Countries or High MAS Countries?
High MAS Countries
Germans pay with cash instead of credeit cards.
Low Uncertainty Avoidance or Strong Uncertainty Avoidance?
Strong Uncertainty Avoidance?
Uncertainty is normal in life and is accepted as a part and parcel of it
Hope of success
Less stress, subjective feeling of well‐being
“Alien” things generate curiosity
No more regulations than necessary
Precision & punctuality are not “critical”
The uncertainty in life is perceived as a continuous threat and must be fought
Fear of failure
High stress, subjective feeling of fear
“Alien” things create fear
Every detail must be regulated in advance
Less structuring of activities
Fewer written rules
More generalists or amateurs
Organizations can have hybrid forms
Managers more involved in strategy
High labor turnover
More ambitious employees
More structuring of activities
More written rules
Organizations should be uniform (standardization)
Managers more involved in details
Managers less willing to make individual and risky decisions
Lower labor turnover
Less ambitious employees
Higher satisfaction scores
Respect for traditions
Social pressure towards spending (priority for consumption)
Efforts should produce quick results
Concern with social and status obligations
Old age is an unhappy period, but it starts late
Adapting traditions to the changing world
Thrift, being sparing with resources (priority for invested savings)
Steadfast, sustained efforts towards slower results
Willingness to subordinate oneself for a purpose
Old age is a happy period, and it starts early
Higher percentage of very happy people
A perception of personal life control; higher optimism
Higher importance of leisure & having friends
More likely to remember positive emotions
Less moral discipline
Thrift is not very important
Lower percentage of very happy people
A perception of helplessness: what happens to me is not my doing; more pessimism
Lower importance of leisure & having friends
Less likely to remember positive emotions
Moral discipline
Thrift is important
Caution against stereotyping
3 Pros of Hofstede model
4 Cons of Hofstede model
Last changed2 years ago
