What is a metonymy?
a word/phrase that is closely connected to another
content - container (the kettle is boiling)
function - symbol (the white house)
whole - part (the group counted 63 heads
What is a metaphor?
seeing one thing in terms of something else belonging to a different domain
(head, topmost part of the body, becomes topmost part of a nail)
result = polysemy
examples for conceptual metaphors?
love is madness (crazy about you, raving about sb)
love is a natural force (magnetically drawn to, gravitate towards)
argument is war (win an argument, bombard with objections)
when talking of semantic roles, what do we call an
event?
participant?
event = predication (~ clause)
participant = argument (eg. noun phrase)
what 7 semantic roles are there?
agent, experiencer, theme, instrument, source, goal, location
What is the agent?
the entity performing an action
What is the experiencer?
the entity experiencing the effect of an event/situation
What is the theme?
the entity undergoing action/movement, entity described
What is the instruent?
the entity used to carry out an action
What is the source?
the starting point for a movement
What is the goal?
the end point for a movement
what semantic features does an action have?
(+example sentence)
[+control], [+dynamic]
John (ag) kicked the ball (th)
What is the location?
the place at which the entity/action is located
What does the meaning of the verb determine?
the number of arguments
the semantic roles of the arguments
examples for 3-place verbs?
give, donate, hand, put
examples for 2-place verbs?
steal, carry, open, see
examples for one-place verbs?
sleep, sit, fall, laugh
exampoles for zero-place verbs?
rain, snow, hail (it = semantically empty)
what semantic features does a process have?
(+ example sentence)
[-control], [+dynamic], [+telic]
The ball (th) fell into the water (go)
what semantic features does a postition have?
[+control], [+experience], [- dynamic]
John (exp) wantede the job (th)
what semantic features does a state have?
[-control], [-dynamic]
The money (th) is in the safe (loc)
what are the funtions of a proto-agent?
volitional (control), causing change of state
what are the functions of a proto-patient?
undergoes change of state, direction/endpoint, affected by others
what are the 4 semantic roles between sentences?
+ explanation
paraphrase (same truth value, ~ synonym)
contradiction (opposite truth values, ~ antonym)
entailment (if A is true, B must be too. but not vice versa!!!)
presupposition (if A is true, B is implied)
Last changeda year ago