MET

• -0,65 Grad / 100m

• -2 Grad / 1000ft

27 ft/hPa

11km (rghly 36.000ft)

50km

current air pressure at an airfield

QFE reduced to sea level using the current temperature

sea surfaces:

10 degrees friction angle, 70% of original wind speed

land surfaces

30 degress friciton angle, 50% of original wind speed

60kt

AIREP (special) are to be provied as soon as practiable after encountering a Significant Meteorological Informaiton (SIGMET) phenomenon or any other MET condition which is likely to affect the safety, or efficency of other aircraft.

SIGMET phenomenon are:

• severe turbulence

• severe icing

• severe mountain wavs

• …

Cloud base = (surface temperature - surface dew point) * 400

warm water, cold air

das Wasser ist heßß und raucht deswegen

wie kochendes Wasser

surface inversion must be in place or else th air would start rising

evaporated vapour froma warm water surface condenss on contact with a much colder air and is uanble to rise bcause of a surface inversion

GR

Hail

frozen precipitation and the diameter of hailstones are larger than 5mm

GS: small hail or ice pellets

• Wind: veers sharply, windspeed decreases slightly

• temperature: sudden rise

• pressure: stops falling

• Dew point: sudden rise

• cloud: 8/8 base very low, NS, ST

• Precipitation: moderate or heavy continous

• visbility: very poor, fog can occur

• Arctic

• Polar

• Tropic

• Equator

Air sinks and warms adiabatecally

at some point it might be warmer than the air below —> subisdence inversion

—> can occur within a warm core high pressure system

Boden Tiefdruck

Oben hochdruck

Luftsäule warm thermal

Anticyclone: Hochdurckgebiet am Boden

Cold: kalt

kalter boden -> luft sinkt ab -> Hochdruck am Boden, Tiefdruck oben

Isobaren zsm da kalt

-> über kaltem gebiet

-> tendency to sustain itself

Polar Front -> differential haeting of the ground

prevailing initial instability

-> developes over open seas during the cold season in polar or arctic air masses.

-> triggered by an outbreak of colad arctic air

-> unstable thermal stratification causes deep convection, which warms the core with latent heat and enhances the advection process

nur in polar gebieten

anticyclone -> hoher Druck am Boden

excess air mass aloft -> converges aloft and subsidces

-> warms because of subsidence -> air diverges on the bottom -> High pressure

air warm, which enforces the pressure pattern

-> tends to broaden the upper level ridge, consequently the contour lines and also the jet streams will surround the high in the shape of a Q

-> entstehen durch upper air movements

low pressure system that contains different air masses and fronts

3 - 5 days

Frontal low

typisches Hoch bzw Tiefruckgebiet das durch Luftmassen aloft hervorgerufen wurde

cold anticyclone

Why Human People Buy Jeans WHPBJ

5 6 9 12 20

West of Darwin 5

Hurricanes 6

Phillipines/East Darwin 9

Bengal: 12

Japan: 20

mainly in the summer and autumn

viel stärkere Verschiebung über Land als über Wasser über die Jahreszeiten

Januar: berührt gerade noch das horn von Afrika, grob 0grad; Ort der ITCZ 0-7 grad N

zentral Afrika -> deutlich südlich des Äquators

-> also known as doldrum

low pressure system aloft

Spaltet sich aber von den Luftmassen und jet streams ab, die wollen nicht so um so enge Kurven fließen.

Da oben deutlich kältere Luft -> instability -> convection -> TS/RA immer dieses Wetter

rather stationary

a low pressure area with cold air compard to its surrounding. only in upper contour charts

500hpa

measuring device for the ceiling

in the vicinity of the airport 8 bis 16km

> special weather phenomena

occurs within the friction layer (2000-3000ft)

> depends on:

• the strength of the surface wind

• the nature of the surface

• the stability of the air (the more usntable -> the greater the turbulence)

strongest close to the ground

coriolis force

strongest at the poles?

kein Austausch an Wärme

Hagel

frozen precipitation > 5mm

sonst ice pellets PL

25 - 35 degrees

bzw 20 -40

Hardley cell -> closer to the equator

Ferrel cell -> closer to the poles

• CU and CBs

• NS

• Freezing Rain

concentration of water droplets is highest in convective clouds

temperature dictates what amount and size of water droplets can be found in a cloud

for a/c on the ground

metrological watch office

ISOL : up to 50%

OCNK: 50-75% well separated

Freq > 75%

lines of equal pressure reduced to sea level

Relative Humidity = 100 - 5* spead

Td = T - (100-RH) / 5

nach T minus suchen

saturated: 0,6/100m ; 1,8 / 1000ft

unsaturated: 1/100m; 3 / 1000ft

Cumulus congestus

stratus

raindops collide and form bigger raindrop

in the mid latitudes this process produces only drizzle or very light rain

stable air, stratified clouds, drizzle, light rain and mist

planning: shortest way through

flight: orbit and wait for it to pass

500km whole storm

diameter of the eye: 10-20 NM

Diameter of the whole storm: 270NM

polar fronts

CB 10 NM

TS 20NM

2010

RVR is generally more than visibility

P enis größer als gedacht

U up besser

D down

when visibility is below 1500m

in meteres or feet

FL50 = 850 hPa

FL100 = 700 hPa

FL140 = 600 hPa

FL180 = 500 hPa

FL240 = 400 hPa

FL300 = 300 hPa

FL340 = 250 hPa

FL390 = 200 hPa

FL450 = 150 hPa

the IWC is measured in g/m3 and it reaches maxium values in the upper levels of the core of convective systems+

clouds where only ice particles are present (cirrus??)

in areas of extreme convective activities

formed in stable air conditions, where the vertical movement of the air is limited.

cold air over land

a northeasterly wind flowing out from a high pressure over sahara which brings a lot of haze to cities in northwest africa

dust and poor visibility

information issued by a meteorological watch office

concerning:

• the occurence or expected occurence of specified en route weather phenomena

• may affect the safety of low level aircraft ops

• was not already included in the forecast issued for the low level flights in the flight informaiton region concerned

AIRMET low level

SIGMET high level

Squalls lasting more than a minute often several minutes

indicated by the tip of the arrow

50 - 100NM

1:80

• 20 to 40 kts

• March to May

• October to November

ice mass per unit volume of air

50.000

in summer

means supercooled water droplets

22.000ft

29.000ft

most linear decrease of temp with alt

10 knots

tropical revolving storm: windspeeds lower than 63

0-5%

comes from convective clouds, such as CB etc.

smaller than hail under 5mm

snow falls and collides with supercooled water droplets -> causing hypride particle that freeze, forming small opaque balls.

GS => soft hail / graupl

ice pellets

FL600

less than 0.5mm

0.08mm and 20kt

• apprx. at around 20kts movement

• funnel with a speed of appr. 200kt

cold front

• 100ft steps up to 2000ft

• 30m steps up to 600m

atis: last 2 min

metar: last 10min

average

• ahead of the warm front: steady decrease

• at the warm front: stops falling

• in the warm sector: steady and drops with the arrival of the cold front

• at the cold front: starts to rise

• behind the cold front: increases slowly

15-20min

occurs in a narrow band where the frontal surface meets the ground

nachts und morgens

entweder rapid Höhenänderung >3000ft

velocity change >20kts

QFF

CU

NS

freezing rain nur wenn oben wärmer und dann wieder in kältere luftschicht

parallel

no icing unter dem freezing level

occurs in a narrow band where the frontal surface meets the ground

16.000ft

• extend of contamination

• depth of deposit

• friciton coefficient

• runway designator

changes of pitch attitude

mean position polar front

• summer: 50-65: new foudnland scotland

• winter: Florida / southern part of England

use always both

FL 160 - 260

drifting snow: weniger als 2m höhe über dem Boden

blowing snow: mehr als 2m

cloud band of varying intensity

hail

• storng updrafts and downdrafts in these clouds

• severe precipitaion in form of shower and rain

• sun directly ahead: reduciton of visiblity because sun reflects from the haze layer

• sun neben an: angeblich more than 1500m

15-20min

summer

volcanic ash cloud

remains constant

fall from stratus or supercooled fog

NS

RH 80%

freezing level: 15000ft

average temp: 28

has formed 4 days before over the western atlantic

A quasi stationary, warm anticyclone, situated between 50 and 70 N

10kt

Stratiform clouds

Always 1000

1 - 80

Typical 0- -15 grad moderate

At lower temperatures rather unlikely