Time (when?)

Place (where?)

The preposition of direction - to:

Go to school, drive to work, move to another city

The only word that doesn’t need ‘to’ is ‘home’:

Go home, drive home, come home, etc

With some places, we need ‘the’ preposition, and with some of them we don’t:

1. Usually we put ‘the’ before places in town:

Go to the cinema/the theatre/the restaurant/the gym/the club

1. We do not use ‘the’ with the following places:

   1. home/work

   2. school/university/hospital

   3. religious places

Vocabulary for phone conversations

Somebody is calling - my phone is ringing

When I have a message, my phone pings

I need to phone my friend, to skype my teacher, to video my mom, to message a friend, to text a friend

Somebody left a voice message/ a voicemail on my phone

To dial the number

Give somebody a message (on a landline)

You’ve got/have the wrong number

Who’s that? - It’s (me) Alex.

Modal verbs specify something about the main verb and usually stand for an auxiliary. 

M → A

1. equal for all cases:

I can dance. We can dance. He can dance.

1. they are never followed by ‘to’ or by Ving: He can dance.

2. M → A:

I can dance. I can’t (cannot) dance. Can you dance? - Yes, I can. No, I can’t.

British:

We say: We write:

The twenty-fourth of November 24th Nov, 24 November, 24th November, 24/11

American:

We say: We write:

November, the 24th 11/24, Nov 24, November 24(th)

How to tell the time?

1. a clock  is something that is on the wall and tells you the time

2. a watch is something that is on your hand and tells you the time

3. an hour is a period of 60 minutes

1. for full hours: 12 o’clock, 3 o’clock - we say

12:00 am, 3 pm - we write

1. 1...30 minutes: we say how many minutes past an hour:

3.10 - ten (minutes) past three

8.15* - a quarter past eight

12.30** - half past twelve

*15 mins = a quarter

**30 mins = half

1. 31-59 minutes: we say how many minutes are there to the next hour:

3.45*- a quarter to four

5.50 - ten to six

7.35 - twenty-five to eight

his Q is about the main occupation of a person (job, studies, hobby, etc.)

1. I’m at school/university.

I’m a student/pupil.

I study at school/university.

I study Economics.

1. I’m an accountant.

I work for an IT company.

I work as a manager.

I work in a restaurant. 

1. I’m self-employed.

I work for myself.

1. I’m a housewife.

I’m unemployed. 

*He’s between jobs.

They’re retired.

Present Simple V1*

*verb forms in English:

Это время используется для

1. Фактов, которые являются правдой всегда (нет действий, используется первые формы от глагола ‘be’): am/is/are

2. Регулярных действий, которые периодически повторяются (действие есть, используются первые формы всех основных глаголов): V/Vs

I live in Almaty. She lives in Almaty.

1. Facts that are true all the time (NO VERB): V1 (be) = am/is/are (I’m, We’re, You’re, They’re, He’s, She’s, It’s):

I’m at home. They’re late. 

1. Regular, repetitive actions (WITH VERBS): V1 (main verbs) = V/Vs:

I go to school. I live in Astana. He does exercise. 

• spelling for ‘s’ ending:

  • +s: wants, needs, plays, pays, buys, meets, etc.

  • sh, ch, x, s + es: watches, finishes, washes, dresses, etc.

  • y after consonants → i +es: studies, cries, etc.

• pronunciation:

  • после глухих согласных: [s] → walks, helps, likes

  • после звонких согласных и гласных: [z] → reads, comes, runs

  • после шипящих: [iz] → watches, finishes

Positive sentences:

I, We, you, they V

He, she, it Vs

Negative: Auxiliary Verb + not (+ V0):

1. NO MAIN VERB: Am/is/are + not: I’m not at home. He isn’t late. They aren’t students.

2. WITH MAIN VERBS: Do/does + not + V0: I don’t study French. He doesn’t go to school. They don’t have classes on Thursdays. 

I, we, you, they do+not + V0 don’t V0

She, he, it does+not + V0 doesn’t V0

I don’t live in Almaty. He doesn’t live in Almaty. 

Questions: AS(V0)?

1. NO  MAIN VERB: Am/is/are + S?

2. WITH MAIN VERBS: Do/does + S + V0?

Do I,we,you, they V0? Do you live in Almaty? - Yes, I do/No, I don’t.

Does He, she, it V0? Does she live in Almaty? - Yes, she does/No, she doesn’t.

Present Continuous (am/is/are Ving)

We talk about processes that are in progress now (but will soon finish). This process is temporary. 

am/is/are + Ving

Compare:

He always drives to work. Look! He’s driving to work. 

She usually works in the office. She isn’t working now - she’s ill. 

You can often used these with Present Continuous:

Now

At the moment

Look! Listen!

• We’re writing. I’m studying English. We’re talking. The sun is shining.

• We aren’t running. We aren’t learning German.

? Are you doing your homework? - Yes, I am/No, I’m not.

Adverbs and phrases of Frequency

These words answer the question ‘How often?’

Adverbs:

100%    always

90%    usually, normally

     often, frequently

50%   sometimes, occasionally

10%    rarely, barely, seldom

1%    hardly ever (-)

0%    never (-)

Adverb of frequency is before the main verb or after verb ‘be’:

He’s never late. He never comes late.

I barely watch TV.

Expressions of frequency

They always go in the end of the sentence

once a week/year/month/day    I go on holiday once a year.

twice a week/year/month/day    I learn new words twice a day.

three times a week/year/month/day I have English lessons three times a week.

every day/week/month/year    I go abroad every year.

Noun - is a form of speech that means a thing or a person (существительное, обозначает человека или предмет)

Article is something we use with nouns to show which thing/person we talk about (артикль, используется для уточнения, о каком именно человеке/предмете идет речь.

Иногда в русском языке мы используем слова “какой-нибудь”, “любой” (когда конкретный предмет не важен), “тот”, “этот” (когда говорим о конкретном предмете), когда нужно уточнить. В английском, наоборот, все слова обычно идут с артиклями, но иногда мы делаем исключения, чтобы их не ставить.

Когда предметы новые, и для нас они “какие-нибудь”, “любые”, мы используем артикль a/an (только когда предмет один, и такие предметы можно считать, потому что этот артикль означает “один”)

a/an = 1 (only for countable nouns that we talk about for the first time  in singular)

Singular: Plural:

What is it? What are they?

It’s a pen. They’re pens.

It’s a door. They’re doors.

It’s an apple. They’re apples.

It’s a watch. They’re watches.

It’s a box. They’re boxes.

It’s a dictionary (после согласных) They’re dictionaries.

It’s a country. They’re countries.

It’s a key. (после гласных не меняется) They’re keys.

It's a university [juːnɪ'vɜːsətɪ] They’re universities. 

Adjectives - are forms of speech that are used to describe nouns and pronouns. 

What is it?

It’s an umbrella. It’s a big umbrella. It’s a very big umbrella.

It’s a house. It’s an old house. It’s a very old house. 

Exceptions:

a woman → women

a man → men

a child → children

a person → people

Произношение окончаний зависит от последнего звука в слове:

• если последний звук гласный или звонкий согласный → [z]: bags, keys, universities, umbrellas;

• если последний звук - глухой согласный → [s]: books, cats, coats, wallets

• если на конце - шипящий звук → [iz]: watches, sandwiches, pieces, pages

Когда предметы уже знакомые, мы о них знаем или видим их, мы говорим “the”:

Close the door.

Open the books. 

Вместо этого артикля могут быть использованы указательные слова:

this - этот (1 пред, рядом): What’s this? This is a book.

that - тот (1 предм, далеко)

these - эти (много пред, рядом) What are these? - They’re my glasses.

those - те (много пред, далеко)

This pen is blue. → This is a blue pen. 

Также важно знать, где находится предмет, чтобы указать на него:

here - здесь

there - там

over there - вон там

1. For people -  ‘s

Possessive adjectives can be replaced with nouns in a possessive form:

‘s - for singular or irregular plural:

His bag → Jack’s bag

My mom’s name

Her friend’s phone number

James’s bike

women’s bags

s’ - for plural:

the boys’ bikes

1. of - (mostly) for things:

the end of the film

the page of the book

1. Noun + noun:

the centre of the city = the city centre

the cup for my coffee = the coffee cup

В английском предложении есть две обязательные части:

• Subject - подлежащее, тот, кто выполняет действие, или о ком мы говорим

• Verb - глагол, обозначает действие (или состояние)

SV - в английском языке порядок слов очень важен!

Be - быть, являться, находиться

I am (‘m) I’m at home.

We We’re at home.

You are (‘re) You’re late.

They They’re at work.

He He’s a student.

She is (‘s) She’s a teacher.

It It’s my home.

Negative

V → A (auxiliary) + not

I’m not at school. You aren’t (are not) late. He isn’t (is not) at home.

Questions 

A + S?

Am I late? Are you Mariya? Is he at home?

• Yes, you are (нельзя сокращать краткие положительные ответы)

• No, I’m not.