What is the Individual Provision of the OECD MTC?
Barrier Provision (Hinderungsbestimmungen für das Herkunftsland!
Which articel is used in the case of possible Double Taxation by immovable property and what does it includes?
Articel 6
Paragraph 1 forms the basis for taxation in the source country for the income (source country).
“Income” received by a person resident in a Contracting State from immovable property (including income from agricultural and forestry undertakings) that is situated in another Contracting State may be taxed in another state”.
This is what is known as a barrier provision with an open legal consequence. The source country in which the immovable property is situated receives the unrestricted taxing right. The reason for this lies in the close economic link between the source of the income and the source country.
Simultaneously, the country of residence is also entitled to an unrestricted taxation right (“may” and not “may only”).
Double taxation therefore can only be eliminated through the country of residence applying the Methods article (article 23). In the DTT it has signed, Germany generally exempts income from immovable property subject to the progression proviso. When compared with paragraph 1,
“the remaining paragraphs of article 6 OECD MTC have a purely explanatory purpose. These paragraphs define, inter alia, which assets “in all cases” constitute immovable property (affirmative list). By contrast, ships and aircraft are not classed as immovable property.”
What articel is used in the case of business profits and what does it includes?
Articel 7 This article concerning the division of tax competencies with regard to business profits is the most significant article in OECD MTC, given that by far the largest part of international economic activities!!!falls under this type of income.
According to article 7, para. 1 OECD MTC: “The profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State may only be taxed in that State unles s the enterprise carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein. If the enterprise carries on business as aforesaid, the profits of the enterprise may be taxed in the other State but only so much of them as is attributable to that permanent establishment as per paragraph 2.”
According to article 7 OECD MTC, not every business activity results in taxation in the source country. On the contrary, there must be a sufficiently close link with the economy of the source country in the form of a permanent establishment (permanent establishment principle).
The situation regarding the permanent establishment will therefore determine the taxation level to which an enterprise’s profits are subject.
If the foreign state’s taxation level is lower, setting up a permanent establishment abroad would appear to be advantageous if the country of residence exempts the profits.
If the foreign state’s taxation level is higher, then setting up a permanent establishment abroad should be avoided wherever possible from a fiscal perspective
What is classified as permanent establishment when it comes to business profits Articel 7
Article 5 OECD MTC. According to this article, a permanent establishment is a fixed place of business from which all or part of an enterprise’s activity is carried out (article 5, para. 1 OECD MTC).
According to paragraph 2 of Articel 5 the expression “permanent establishment”, specifically includes (affirmative list):
a place of management;
a branch;
an office;
a factory;
a workshop; and
a mine, an oil or gas well, a quarry or any other place of extraction of natural resources
According to paragraph 4 sets out a Negativkatalog of which establishments are not classed as permanent establishments. Even if the conditions of para. 1 are met, the facilities listed are not treated as permanent establishments. As “lex specialis”, para. 4 enjoys priority over paragraphs 1 to 3.
What all the situations on the negative list have in common is that they constitute ancillary (Hilfsmittel) or preparatory activities(vorbereitende Aktivitäten) Ancillary and preparatory activities are far removed from the actual realisation of profits, meaning that it is difficult to attribute profits to these activities
Establishments that are used exclusively for the storage, display or delivery of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise:
the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of storage, display or delivery;
the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of processing by another enterprise;
the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of purchasing goods or merchandise or of collecting information, for the enterprise
the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of carrying on, for the enterprise, other activities of a preparatory or auxiliary character
Which additional point where distributed under articel 5 due to increasing telecommunication services?
Commercially operated satellites do not constitute permanent establishments in the “overflown” states or in the states in which the signals are received
Roaming agreements should not result in the network operator setting up a permanent establishment in its roaming partner’s country of residence
Use of a cable network or pipeline situated in a DTT state do not provide theuser with the authority to dispose of these facilities to set up permanent establishments
The source country is allowed to tax business profits provided that they can be attributed to the permanent establishment. This restriction of the source country’s taxation right to this portion of the business profits requires that the results of the permanent establishment be differentiated from those of the parent company. Paragraphs 2 to 6 set out how the results of the permanent establishment are to be defined.
Which are the 2 Method of allocating profits to a permanent establishment permitted according to the articel 7 OECD MTC (Business Profits) ?
Direct Method
Fictitious independence of permanent establishment ‐
Dealing at arm’s length principle
Indirect Method
Determining the entire result of the unitary enterprise
Allocating entire result according to specific criteria
How is the direct Method of Articel 7 Business Profits working?
According to the direct method, the profits of the permanent establishment are determined on the basis of separate accounts kept for the permanent establishment as if it were an independent enterprise.
The application of the dealing at arm’s length principle ensures that profits are not shifted back and forth between the permanent establishment and the parent company.
According to the direct method, the profit of the permanent establishment are to be determined as if the permanent establishment were a fully independent enterprise (including with regard to the parent company).
If the transfer prices between the parent company and permanent establishments do not stand up to the dealing at arm’s length principle, then the attributed profits need to be adjusted.
How is the indirect Method of Articel 7 Business Profits working?
According to the indirect method, the total results of the unitary enterprise are determined according to the respective domestic profit calculation regulations. Subsequently, the enterprise’s total profit is allocated to the parent company and the permanent establishment according to specific criteria.
The main issue with this method is finding a suitable criterion for correctly assigning the profit. Corporate key figures such as turnover, staff costs, material costs and equity can be used as allocation criteria
In the OECD’s view, the indirect method is no longer in keeping with the times and should no longer be permitted in future DTT. The ban on the corresponding adjustment in the correction of permanent establishment profits by the source country is codified in para. 3.
Seperate Entity Approach is more or less the direct method. Explain the key figures again!
Dealings between the parent company and the permanent establishment (PE) are feigned(vorgetäuscht) and documented which under civil law are wholly impossible.
So as to ensure that results are properly distinguished, the PE should also remune (Entgelt) rate the parent company for the payment of capital, granting of rights or the use of services (notional arm’s length remunerations),
although in reality there has been no realisation in the market (“self‐dealing”). The deduction of operating expenses is no longer restricted to original expenses but now includes fictitious expenses.
As a result, the PE can show profits even though the enterprise as a whole has made losses (and vice versa).
NB: Fictitious remunerations are not however liable for withholding tax. The feigned “dealings” only serve to properly distinguish results between the country of residence and the source country.
By introducing the “Separate Entity Approach”, the OECD’s aim is for its transfer price guidelines to also apply, without restriction, to the distinction of permanent establishment results, it thus far having only been applicable to the differentiation of results between associated enterprises.
What are reasons for a permanent establishment?
simple set‐up
no pre‐set‐up or predecessor company (keine Vorläufer- oder Vorgängergesellschaft)
no minimum capital level
simple liquidation process
Which 3 Methods are used in the case of no DTT (In GERMANY) to elimante double Taxation
only unilateral measures are possible in the event that there is no DTT:
Tax credit method: direct crediting of foreign taxes paid to the domestic tax liability (§ 34c, para. 1 EStG)
Deduction method: deduction of foreign taxes paid when calculating income (§ 34c, paras. 2,3 EStG)
Lump‐sum method (§ 34c, para. 5 EStG)
If a DTT is in place, double taxation will be eliminated by exempting the results of the permanent establishment subject to the progression proviso. The profit of the permanent establishment will only be subject to the foreign tax system of the state in which it is situated
If the business relationships agreed between related persons do not stand up to the arm’s length principle, then the income is to be determined as if the relationships had taken place between independent third parties (dealing at arm’s length principle).
The application of § 1 AStG stipulates that
the business partner be a related person;
that there be a business relationship with a foreign state;
that non‐standard conditions be agreed; and
that the domestic taxpayer must have reduced its income.
There is a lively exchange of services and deliveries between the group companies (internal sales).Even though, from the group’s perspective, the realisation of profit requires external sales, for tax reasons, the individual companies need to calculate their profit whereby, because of their legal independence, group‐internal deliveries and services must also be considered. However, since these are not traded on an actual market, only transfer prices can be calculated for group‐internal deliveries and services.
By using transfer prices, profits may be moved between the group companies. The transfer price is the price one group company charges another group company for services or deliveries rendered(erbracht). It is very difficult to precisely define the transfer prices, since, as a rule, there are no market prices to serve as objective prices.
In particular, western industrialised countries with comparably high tax rates have significantly tightened the rules on defining transfer prices and those concerning the documentation requirement. There is disagreement amongst tax experts as to the extent of the scope to which profit shifting can take place, owing to the definition of transfer prices. The US Tax Authorities estimate the shortfall in tax revenue from transfer price manipulations at around USD2.8 billion per annum. According to a survey carried out by the auditing firm Ernst & Young in 2003, around 43% of the enterprises surveyed had to adjust their estimated transfer prices.
The dealing at arm’s length principle requires that the transfer price for a delivery or service performed between a taxable person and a person related to the same or between associated enterprises be determined in exactly the same way as it would if the transaction had taken place between independent third parties.
Explain generally the Logic behind determining transfer prices!
Generally speaking, associated enterprises must determine their transfer prices or groupinternal exchange of services as if a prudent and conscientious manager would also have agreed with external third parties. Owing to the numerous parameters that influence the transfer price, there is no exact calculation price. Rather, there are only specific bandwidths (Bandbreiten) within which the transfer price must fall. Within these bandwidths, the taxable person has a certain amount of leeway ( Spielraum) for shifting profits between Group companies. Depending on the situation, the taxable person will take the upper or lower limit as the transfer price that is still acceptable.
Name the three Standard Methods under Paragraph 3 AstG.
Price comparison Method
Cost Plus Method
Resale price Method
Explain the Price Comparison Method
The price comparison method is the only one that corresponds to an actual arm’s length dealing. Here, the transfer price for a delivery or service agreed between two associated enterprises is compared with the market price agreed between third parties for comparable transactions. The pre‐requisite for this method to apply is that the transactions be comparable e.g. listed goods, marketable standard products, licence agreements.
In practice, there are frequent problems when it comes to application since, in thespecific case in question, it is often impossible to create comparability between the transactions e.g. for services which, generally speaking, only take place withingroups, there are no external comparison values.
Explain the Resale Price Method
The resale price method (also known as the sales method), uses as its basis the selling price at which an enterprise resells goods it has acquired from an associatedenterprise to external third parties. Starting with the selling price, this price is reduced in a retrograde fashion (rückwirkend) through the deduction of a marketstandard profit margin, allowing the transfer price to be obtained. The main issue with the resale price method lies in determining the market‐standard profit margin. In this case, independent enterprises engaging in comparable transactions must be used.
This method is particularly suitable for enterprises operating in the sales sector where an associated enterprise makes deliveries to another associated enterprise and these are then sold on to external third parties.
Explain the Cost-Plus Method
The point of departure for this method are the prime costs of the delivering enterprise. The costs are determined using calculations that the enterprise also uses iunits pricing policy with regard to external third parties. If no transactions are carried out with third parties, the calculation must be made following economic principles. In so doing, both direct and overhead costs must be considered. The prime costs are increased by a market‐standard profit mark‐up. How high this market‐standard profit mark‐up is must be reviewed in the specific case in question
The costplus method is particularly suitable where there are no market prices for deliveries or services available as a point of comparison. This is particularly the case with regard to group‐specific goods and services that are not marketable (e.g. semi‐finished products).
—> Conclusion: Despite the cooperation and documentation requirements legally enshrined(verankert) in the German Tax Benefit Reduction Act (StVergAbG), the taxable person does retain a certain amount of leeway (Spielraum) with regard to transfer prices when it comes to determining these prices. Owing to the homogeneity of the deliveries and services between the associated enterprises, there is no general recommendation regarding the method to be applied.
Record Keeping Obligation for Transfer Prices
By means of the StVergAbG, the general cooperation requirements of § 90 of the German Tax Act (AO) are supplemented by a third paragraph.
The pre‐requisite for the record‐keeping obligation for transfer prices pursuant to § 90, para. 3 AO is a
business relationship in the meaning of § 1, para. 4 AStG
which contains a foreign element (at least 25%)
with a related person in the meaning of § 1, para. 2 AStG
If these prerequisites are met, the taxable person must keep records on the type and content of their business relationship with the related person. The recordkeeping obligation also includes the economic and legal foundations for an agreement that complies with the dealing at arm’s length principle regarding prices and other transactions with related persons.
German Regulations regarding the Documentation of Profit Allocation (GAufzV) of 12 July 2017
Ifataxable person failsto keep the required records or if these are unusable, a minimum fine of €5,000 will be imposed. If such records are submitted late (from the 61st day onwards), the penalty surcharge shall amount to at least €100 for each full day following the deadline (maximum amount of up to €1,000,000).
In addition, it is presumed(angenommen) that the income liable for domestic tax determined in accordance with § 90, para. 3 AO will be greater than that declared by the taxable person. If the presumption made by the taxable person cannot be refuted, then the tax authority is allowed to make an estimate if the income cannot otherwise be determined.
Profit Adjustment:
If the internal transfer prices cannot stand up to the dealing at arm’s length principle, then profit adjustments must be made and brought in line with the market transfer prices off‐balance sheet.
Example: The Swiss parent company charges its German subsidiary excessive prices for a delivery (price difference of €100,000).
Concealed profit distribution(Verdeckte Gewinnausschüttung) is when an asset reduction takes place or asset multiplication is prevented, this being arranged by the business relationship, with this having an impact on the amount of income and, as such, is not an open distribution.
§ 8, para. 3 p. 2 KStG regulates the legal consequences of concealed profit distribution:
In addition, concealed profit distributions and distributions (of any kind) of participation rights through which the right to participate in profits and to liquidate the corporation’s proceeds is associated, do not reduce the revenue.
If the annual net profit is too low as a result of a concealed profit distribution, then an off‐balance sheet add back( Außerbilanzielle Aufstockung) will take place.
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