1. 60,000 Ago → Paleolithic age

2. 5000 Ago → Sumerian Civilization→ opium, cinnamon.

3. 2500 BC → the Chinese emperor Shen Nung Circa → Pen T'sao' → 365 herbs → tea, cinnamon

4. 371-287 BC →Theophrastus → De Causis Plantarium, De Historia Plantarium.→ 500 herbs

5. 25-50 AD→Celsus → De re medica→ 250 herbs → opium, cinnamon

6. AYUSH System of medicine in India → 4000 herbs

• Scope of herbal medicine commonly includes fungal and bee products as well as shells and certain animal parts.

herbal medicine is also called phyto-medicine or phyto-therapy.

• useful for mental and child healthcare

• as essential ingredients in foods

• as essential drug for common illness and injurys

• for endemic infection disease

• used in production of cosmatic products.

• ripped source of ingredients which can be used in blood development

It is the use of more than one herb in a medicinal preparation.

• The concept is found in Ayurveda and other traditional medicinal system where multiple herbs in a particular ratio may be used in the treatment of illness.

• It is used for treatment of many disease including diabetes.

• Historically the ayurvedic literature on “Sarangdhar Samhita” dated centuries ago in 1300 A. D has highlighted the concept of poly herbalism.

Types

Polyherbal formulation (PHF) is mainly of two types:

1. Kasthousadi: It is a mixture of multiple pure herbs.

2. Rasouladi: It is a herbo-bio-mineral metallic preparation means in this mixer various sources of minerals. and metal components are added for good effect

ADME

• Absorption

• Distribution

• Metabolism

• Excretion

processes that together describe a drug's overall disposition

This is called ADME via pharmacokinetics, or what the body does to a drug.

• ADME data can be collected at many stages in a drug's development .

Advantage of PHF

1. It is very useful in the treeatment of multiple disease at a same time.

2. PHFS shows very low side effect.

3. Overdose doesnot show any bad side effects.

4. PHFs are easily available and affordable.

Disadvantage

1. The application is not always safe always

2. PHFs in time taken in case of cure disease

3. polyherbal formulations has no instructions or guidlines so risky to use

Name

Ayur → Life

Veda→ Knowledge or science

Ancient Ayurvedic scriptures is all abot knowledge of life.

What describes

• anatomy of the human body

• describes how plant material can be used to cure various human diseases.

• In Ayurveda, medicines are made by mixing herbal extracts, minerals and various metals, so this process is called Indian Alchemy

Theories

• Principle of Ayurveda: Ayurveda medicine is based on three basic principles.

  1. Panchamahabhuta principle → Earth, Water, Fire, Air, Sky or sapce

  2. Tridosha Theory → vata (wind), pitta (bile), and Kapha (phlegm)

     • Their balance leads to health and imbalance leads to illness.

  3. Saptadhatu Theory → Plasma, Blood, Muscle, Fat, Bone, Bone marrow, reproductive fluid.

     • Involved in the aging process adapting some age related changes in an individual.

History

• ancient Atharvaveda

• 1900 BC → The first is the Charaka Samhita which was composed in 1900 BC. → This book describes 341 plants and their derivatives.

• 600 BC → Sushrut Sanhita is the second oldest book of Ayurvedic scriptures written by Sushruta who is the first to → describe the engineering of surgery in Ayurveda. This book was written in 600 BC.

• In Mahabharata Ayurveda Shastra mentions 4 main divisions, namely - General Medicine, Surgical Technique, Alchemistry etc.

• In 1971 ‘Central Council of Indian Medicine’ estabished the AYUSH system. Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha Medicine, Homeopathy were combined and established AYUSH. Ayurveda was recognized as Traditional Medicine in a seminar held by WHO.

History

• This method of treatment was first practiced in Greece.

• Hippocris was the first physician to introduce

  this method of treatment

• This treatment method is known by different names in different parts of the world. like Lorian medicine, Oriental medicine etc.

• Arabs were the first to introduce this treatment in India. And Unani growth occureed in mughal India (muslim culture).

Concept

• Principle of Unani considered as a natural phenomenon.

• Various natural forces are active in the human body, which govern the body.

• medical system is to help the body maintain its normal health by aiding those natural forces in the application of medicine.

Theories

Unani system of medicine is based on two theories. Respectively-

• Hippocratic theory

4 humor to provide nutrients, and body disease treatment.

Dam(blood), phlegm, safra(yellow bile), sauda(black bile)

• Pythagorean theory.

This 4 humor depends on 4 natural quality like - Hot, cold, moist, dry

Again this 4 quality represent 4 elements- air, water, fire, earth

Brief

Siddha means “One who accomplished”, It reffers to perfected masters who have achived a high degree of physical and spiritual perfection or enlightenment.

According to Siddha system, Vaadham (air), Pitham (bile) and Kapam (phlegm) – these three elements should be in 4:2:1 ratio in the body.

• Disease occurs only when this balance is lost.

Besides, it is mentioned in the Siddha system that our body is made up of Panchabhuta elements.

Facts

• Tamil New Year's Day or 14th April is declared as 'World Siddhy Day'

• AYUSH - an organization of Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM), in which Siddha system is recognized.

History

• oldest system of traditional treatment (even older then Ayurveda)

• first practiced in South India especially in Tamil Nadu.

• Ancient civilizations in India such as Indus Civilization,Mohenjodaro Harappan Civilization etc, from these ancient civilizations Siddha medicine was practiced.

• Agastya is called the father of Siddha medicine.

• Lord Shiva → Parvati

• Parvati → her son Murgan

• Murgan→ Muni Agastya received medical knowledge from .

• Muni Agastya passed on that knowledge to his 18 disciples. These disciples are called Siddhar

• The word Siddha is derived from the word 'Siddhi'

Scientific Name

Pharmcologically active constituents

1. Dioscorea floribunda

2. Digitalis purpurea

3. Senegalia catechu

4. Zingiber officinale

5. Curcuma domestica

6. Strychnos nux vomica

7. Catharanthus roseus

8. Rauwolfia serpentina

9. Capsicum annum, Capsicum frutescens

Dioscorea

Dioscorea floribunda

Diosgenin Steroids

Root and Tuber

• Relieves tooth and bone pain

• Cures muscle cramps

• Urine Production

• Leprosy, tumors

• As color in food like cake

Digitalis

Digitalis purpurea

Digitoxin Steroids

Dry Leaves

• cardiac stimulant and tonic

• regulates heart rate by increasing ventricular systole.

• atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (A-fib) is an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots in the heart. A-fib increases the risk of stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications.

Cutch

Senegalia catech

Catechin Tannin

Dry leaves

• Fruits of trees are rich in protein.

• Astringent to the skin.

• cuticle helps in blood coagulation.

• Cures asthma and cough.

• Helps prevent gum disease and diarrhea

Ginger

Zingiber officinale

Gingerol Resin

Rhizome

• Ginger is used as a condiment.

• Ginger is an appetite suppressant and thermogenic.

• Ginger juice relieves cold and asthma.

• Reduces the pain of certain types of arthritis (Osteoarthritis).

Turmeric

Curcuma domestica

curcuminoid Resin

Rhizome

• Turmeric is most widely used as a spice in cooking.

• Curcumin acts as an active antioxidant.

• Prevention of hepatitis and other liver diseases.

• Turmeric provides immunity

• Keeps the brain and nervous system active.

• used in various cosmetic products as brightener.

Arthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age.

Antioxidant A substance that protects cells from the damage caused by free radicals in the body.

Nux vomica

Strychnos nux vomica

Strychnine Alkaloid

Seeds

• Mainly digestive and appetite suppressant drugs.

• Refreshes the nervous system and relieves insomnia.

• Heals old wounds and ulcers.

• Flexes neck and face muscles.

Periwinkle

Catharanthus roseus

Vinblastine Alkaloid

Whole Plant

• Alkaloids control cancer.

• Regulates blood sugar and purifies the blood.

• Relieves tonsillitis and sore throat

• Increases immunity.

• Reduces high blood pressure and chest pain.

• At present, benefits have been found using vinblastine in the control of leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin disease etc.

Rauwolfia

Rauwolfia serpentina

Reserpine Alkaloid

Root, Rhizome

• Rauvolfia is used as a hypnotic, sedative and antihypertensive plant.

• Reserpine is used in the treatment of insomnia and mania.

• Rauvolfia is used as a uterine astringent during labor and to

• treat neuropsychiatric disorders.

Capsicum

Capsicum annum

Capsaicin Phenol

Fruit (Berry)

• Capsaicin destroys prostate cancer cells.

• Activates metabolism and destroys calories from other foods.

• Capsaicin reduces appetite thereby controlling diet.

• Helps reduce high blood pressure.

• Aids digestion by increasing the secretion of digestive juices.

What is biochemical factory?

• Various biochemical processes taking place in living cells constantly.

• This biochemical reaction pathway is controlled by genes.

• Since different plant species have different genes, their biochemical reaction pathways differ,

• thats why the nature of the chemical compounds in the reaction pathway also varies.

• So the chemical compounds vary by plant species Differences and variations can be observed. A living cell is therefore called a biochemical factory

Chemical substances that are produced through various metabolic processes are called metabolites

Primary metabolites

substances which are produced as a result of essential metabolism like photosynthesis, respiration etc. and the

compounds which are essential for physiological functions like growth, reproduction etc. are called Primary metabolites.

• Amino acids, sugars, proteins etc. are primary metabolites.

Primary metabolites are characterized by

1. Metabolic processes through which primary metabolites are produced can be observed in all plants

2. Metabolites are directly used for growth, reproduction, disease prevention etc.

3. No toxicity can be observed in these substances.

Secondary metabolites

Secondary metabolites are not produced as a result of normal metabolism and are not used for plant growth, transformation or reproduction.

• Example, secondary metabolites like polyphenols, acids, tannins, glycosides etc.

Characteristics of secondary metabolites are—

1. Bacteria, fungi and plants produce these metabolites, but not all organisms produce these metabolites.

2. This type of metabolites are produced through specific metabolic pathways such as Shikimic acid pathway, Mevalonic acid pathway.

3. These compounds are not used in plant growth, reproduction etc.

4. These compounds are usually produced as waste products and help in plant defense, disease resistance, etc.

The secondary metabolites of plants can be divided into three main groups on the basis of chemical nature, namely—

• Terpenes

• Phenolics

• Alkaloids or nitrogenous compounds.

• It is a heterocyclic compound of alkaline nitrogen derived from plants.

• Since, alkaloids are alkaline in nature it react with acil and successfully produce salt.

Alkaloid containing plants and functions

1. Black Piper Piper nigrum

   • Sourice- Day seed

   • Function- Used in gonoria and chronic bronchitis.

2. Rasna Ephedra sinica

   • Source: Dry aerial parts

   • Functions -

     • Acts as a stimulant for. the CNS.

     • Acts as heart stimulant and muscle contraction

3. Neem Azadirachta indica

   • Source - Dry bark

   • Function-

     • Used in malarial fever and others intermittent fevers

     • Bitter tonic and astrigent.

It is essential part of volatile oil. Hydrocarbon of volatile oil. Terpen is a natural producere,

• whose structure can be booken down into isoprene units.

• It is a fine carbon unit which is branched chain- consisting of two unsaturated chain.

• Isoprene is derived from acid called Mevalonic acid

Terpenoid containing plants and function

1. Cardamon Elettaria cardamomum

   • Sounce: Dry ripe seed it in Now

   • Function: perfume agent, used as spices.

2. Cinnamon Cinnamomum verumn

   • Sounce: Dry bank

   • Function: disinfectant and used as aromatic

3. Lemon Citrus limon

   • Source- Peel of fruit

   • Function- Stimulant, carminative agent, aromatic agent

It is a phenolic compound with high molecular weight without ceritain complex biological nitrogen.

• It helps to produce leather after mixing with animal skin. special part of plants such- leaf, stem, fruit, bark contain tanin

Tanin possessing plant and function

1. Arjuna Terminali arjuna

   • Source - Dry bark

   • function - Used as heart tonie.

2. Catechu

   • Source - Dry extract of hard wood

   • Function-

     • cleans the mouth and gums.

     • works in diarrhea.

Crude drug

A specific drug which is extracted from a plant on animal and used in an specific refined stage to cure disease directly or indirectly is called crude drug.

• Crude drug cannot be obtained directly by grinding. any special method has to be adopted to extract the active ingredient.

Drug evaluation

The main objective of drug evaluation is

1. accurate identification of drug producing plants

2. verification of quality and purity of drug.

• Identification of plants is required before collection of drug samples. For this purpose it is necessary to develop separate gardens, where plants are controlled and maintained.

• To verify how pure or pure a drug sample collected from nature is, the characteristics of that sample are compared with the characteristics of the sample described in theauthentic monograph of the pharmacopoeia.

Maintaining the quality of the drug

• Collection of drugs from proper natural sources.

• by collection at the right time

• removal of unwanted material from the sample

• disinfection of the sample, proper storage etc.

There are various methods for drug evaluation like- physical, chemical, biological, microscopic and organoleptic methods etc.

The assessment of quality, purity etc. of a drug sample using our five senses is called organoleptic evaluation

Morphological characteristics

To say the morphological characteristics of the drug, its size, shape, color, whether there are any marks on the outside, internal color, smell, taste etc. have to be checked.

Drug samples can be of different types on the basis of morphological characteristics such as—

• Bark : Ashoka, Kurchi, Cinchona etc.

• Underground structures: ginger, turmeric, Podophyllum, Dioscorea, Rauvolfia etc.

• Leaves : saffron, pyrethrum etc

• Fruits: Amlaki, Bel, Bahera, Colocynth etc.

• Seeds : Til, Naxvomica, Serralia .

• Whole plant : brahmi, chirta, kalamegha, pudina etc.

Shape and size

Shape and size of drug is a significant feature in evaluating the shape of drug.

Drug samples can often be identified by looking at this shape. Shape can be cylindrical, sub-cylindrical, clonical, disk shaped.

Example:

• curved or disc-shaped: Naxvomica

• oval: Jalapa

External markings

External markings present on drug samples can be of various types. such as – (a) Notched (b) Convolute (c) Annular (d) Rounded (e) Augmented (f) Scarred etc.

Color of Drug

The color of drug samples is determined according to the color

color prescribed by the organization called ISCC-NBS

The color of the drug sample may sometimes change during sun drying.

• reserpine can be white or partially yellow to yellowish in color.

Odor of Drug

Odor of drug is very important in evaluating drug samples. It can be identified by the characteristic smell of the drug. Different species of Mentha can be identified based on the difference in the smell of their leaves. If the casheweride smells like ammonia, it is spoiled. Similarly, it can be recognized by the characteristic stench of decaying ergot. Also the smell of the drug can be described in different ways; For example, balsamic, spice-like, camphor-like, turpentine-like, etc.

Extra

Pharmacopoeia

Pharmacopoeia is the branch of science where various specialised drug sources apply preocess, quality is written in a specific book. of herbs and

This branch, mainly focus they on various different mixture. also discuss how herbal remedies are made. and their specific dosages.

"The word "Ethnobotany" is a combination of two Greek words. Ethnos → culture

botany → plants

Ethnobotany

Ethnobotany is the study of a region's plant and their practical uses through the traditional knowledge of a local culture and people.

• The word ethnobotany →Botanist Jain W. Harshberger in 1895.

• Dr. S. K. Jain is known as the father of Indian ethnobotany. According to him, Ethnobotany is relationship between plant and ancient tribes and their knowledge.

Ethnobotany refers to all types of direct human interactions with plants, so the subject of ethnobotany is how people of a particular religion and culture use native plants.

Objective

1. which plant indegeno's people cultivate and maintain

2. which species of plants local people use for food, shelter and religious purposes.

3. What kind of reactions can be observed between local people and plant groups in a particular area and how it affects. the ecosystem.

4. mix what kind of plant is used as beverage (alcoholic or non-alcohol)

5. What part of plant is used by the local people as decoration

6. The names and genera of different plants used as medicine and recorded.

Different branches

• General knowledge Medicinal plants

• Anthropology

• Plant geography

• Economics

• Religious behaviour

• Microbiology

• Ecology,Ecosystem.

Major divisions of Ethnobotany

• Ethno bryology [knowledge of moss]

• Ethno mycology [Knowledge of fungus]

• Ethno pteridology [Knowledge of Fern]

• Ethno taxonomy

Folk Medicine

Defination

Folk or traditional medicine originated from primitive man's reactions or attitudes to natural events

Types and another name of folk medicine

1. Traditional medicine

2. complimentary medicine

3. Natural medicine

4. Alternative medicine

5. Holistic medicine

6. Indegenous medicine

7. Eastern medicine

Important Points

• Folk medicine is a combination of traditional healing practices and human belief including herbal medicine, spirituality and M manual therapies

• Folk medicine is a knowledge system which have been developed from generation to generation in different societies of the different era

• According to WHO, this folk medicine is mainly used by: by inde genou people and in some country of Asia and Africa, more than 40% of people rely on folk medicine. .

• Knowledge of all types of culture and societies can be called as folk medicine. .

• Since, this medicine are herbal and natural it is completely safe

• A type of folk medicine which is used in conjunction with ayurvedaric medicine is called rasa- shastrea.

1. Building of house Oryza sativa (rice), Bambusa vulgaris (bamboo)

2. Aromatic Santalum album (sandalwood).

3. Cosmetic Butea monosperma (Palash)

4. As liquor Madhuca indica (Mahua)

5. As a dye Butea monosperma (Palash).

6. Fish toxins (Ichthyfoxin) Prymnesium parvum (algae).

7. As insecticide Azadirachta indica: (neem)

   These treees contains Pyrethrein which is toxic insecticidal compound

8. For poisoning Many indageneous people create poison arrows by applying Chondrodendron tomentosum to the arrow root. This extract contains the toxic subacid called tubocurarine.

9. Mushroom or edible fungus Agaricus sp., Voldriella sp. are edible mushrooms

10. For manufacture of cakes Pteridium aquilinium

1. Cassia fistula

   Fabaceae

   leaf

2. Achyranthes aspera

   Amaranthaceae

   root

3. Andrographis paniculata

   Acanthaceae

   leaf

4. Azadirachta indica

   Meliaceae

   bark and leaf

5. Rumex sorrel

   Polysonaceae

   leaf

1. Panax ginseng

   Araliaceae

   root

2. Allium sativum

   Amaryllidaceae

   tuber

3. Terminalia arjuna

   Combretaceae

   tree bark

4. Camellia sinensis

   Theaceae

   leaf

5. Linum usitatissimum

   Linaceae

   Oil extracted from the seeds

6. Digitalis purpurea

   Plantaginaceae

   whole plant mainly leaves

1. Momordica charantia

   Cucurbitaceae

   Fruit

2. Cinnamomum tamala

   Lauraceae

   Leaf

3. Sygygium cumini

   Myrtaceae

   Fruit and seed powder

4. Trigonella foenum-graceum

   Fabaceae

   Seed

5. Withania somnifera

   Solanaceae

   Root particle

6. Coccinia grandis

   Cucurbitaceae

   Leaf and fruit

Jaundice

Reason

• The symptom of this liver disease is because of high of bilirubin content in blood level

• Normal level → below 1mg/ dl

• Jaundice → over 2-3mg / dl

• different tribes of our country use plants remedy of jaundice. They are either used singly or multiple combination -

• There are some useful ancient plants used to treat jaundice

Symptom

• Yellow skin and the white part of the eyes (sclera) -- when jaundice is more severe, these areas may look brown.

• Yellow color inside the mouth.

• Dark or brown-colored urine.

• Pale or clay-colored stools.

• Itching (pruritis) usually occurs with jaundice.

Cardiac

Reason

The most common cause of sudden cardiac arrest is an irregular heart rhythm called ventricular fibrillation

Since the beginning of civilization, herbs has been used as medical treatments.

For cardiovascular disease, herbal treeatments has been used in

• patient suffering with congestive heart failure (CHF),

• systolic hypertension,

• Angina pectoris,

• conebral insefficiency.

Symptoms

• Chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure and chest discomfort (angina)

• Shortness of breath.

• Pain in the neck, jaw, throat, upper belly area or back.

Diabates

is a complex metabolic disorder resulting from insulin insufficiency or disfunction.

Symptoms

• High level of sugar in the blood,

• inusual thirit

• frequent urination

• extreme weakness.

• extreme hunger

• loss in weight