• Pathogen: Microbacterium tuberculosis

• mainly lives in the lungs (respiratory tract)

• Incubation Period: 3-9 week

Robert Kock first discovered this disease in 1880.

• Pathogen: Salmonella typhi

• Habitat: Intestine

• Incubation period: 10-14 days

• Tuberculosis is transmitted through the air, not by surface contact.

1. Transmission occurs when a healthy person releases droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis through sneezing and coughing

2. the droplet nuclei traverse(অতিক্রম করা) the mouth or nasal passages → upper respiratory tract → bronchi to reach the alveoli of the lungs.

1. Loss of weight

2. Prolonged cough, expectoration of blood with mucus, mainly from the lungs.

3. Fever

4. chest pain

5. shortness of breath

6. Loss of appetite

7. Slight fever in the afternoon and sweating at night.

1. Living in a place free from crowd and pollution.

2. Adequate rest, intake of easily digestible food

3. Isolation of TB patients.

4. Covering the nose and mouth with a clean handkerchief while visiting the patient.

5. It is important to take BCG vaccine

transmitted commonly through the consumption of drinking water or food contaminated with the feces of people who have typhoid fever, who are chronic carriers of the responsible bacteria Salmonella typhi

Typhoid does not affect animals and therefore transmission is only from human to human.

1. poor hygiene habits

2. public sanitation conditions

3. sometimes also through flying insects which feeds contaminated faeces.

chronic carriers

Even though they have no more symptoms of the disease, they continue to shed the microorganism into the environment. Chronic carriers, the carrier state extends beyond 6 months and may even last for years.

1. Persistent fever with slurred speech.

2. Fever increases gradually. Fever rises to 105°-106" F

3. Pulse is weak

4. a pinkish rash

5. Bleeding from the intenstine is often seen

Treatment

Vaccines

• oral Ty21 vaccine

• injectable Typhoid polysaccharide vaccine

Resistance drugs

• azithromycin

Control

• take proper care of Sanitation & hygiene.

Typhoid does not affect animals and therefore transmission is only from human to human. Typhoid can only spread in environments where human faeces or urine are able to come into contact with food or drinking water

• Careful food preparation

• washing of hands

Microbes

• Microbes are tiny microscopic living things that are found all around us.

• Microbes are divided into three category: Bacteria, Fungus, Protozoa

• Bacteria is most infective and causes Tuberculosis, Typhoid.

Magna vs Minuta

Life Stages

Trophozoite

The fully formed, adult, active, feeding stage of the parasite is called trophozoite.

• Shape: Irregular in shape

• 18-40 μm

• pseudo-podium. which helps it to move.

• Clear ectoplasm

  granular endoplasm

• Karyosome present in the center

• Cell Body is surrounded by transparent, thin, elastic plasma membrane.

• Trophozoites reproduce by fission

• Endoplasm of trophozoite contains nucleus, multiple food vacuoles, host's RBC, bacteria etc.

• Entamoeba is called a monogamous parasite because it has only one stage.

• Nucleus

• spherical

• 4-5 pm diameter nucleus

• nucleus is surrounded by a thin nuclear membrane

Pre-cystic Stage

• almost rounded (spherical)

• diameter is 10-20 μm.

• 1 nuclei

• chromatin bar present

• karysome present in the center

• The small, round, slow-moving, non-pathogenic stage is called the pre-cystic stage. They are also called Minuta stage

Cystic Stage

• fully spherical

• Size: 10-15 μm

• pseudo-podium missing, non mobile

• upto 4 nucleus (Mitotic division creates )

• Surrounded by membrane called cell wall

• 3 Type: Uninucleate, Binucleate, Quardinucleate

• Infective Stage

Why called Monogenetic

As the life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica is completed only in one host (human) and this parasite does not have any intermediate host, Entamoeba is called a monogenetic parasite.

Holozoic nutrition

The mode of nutrition in amoeba is known as holozoic nutrition. It involves the ingestion, digestion and egestion of food material. Amoeba does not have any specialized organ for nutrition. Its entire process is carried through the body surface with the help of pseudopodia.

Why digenetic

To complete their life cycle, they require two separate hosts.

1. Definitive female Anopheles mosq.

2. Intermediate Human

Signet Ring

Merozoite larva develops into a trophozoite, which grows by feeding on haemoglobin of RBC. A new vacuole forms in the centre of the cytoplasm, which pushes the nucleus to one side giving the parasite a ring-like appearance.

Why digenetic

To complete their life cycle, they require two separate hosts.

1. Definitive female Anopheles mosq.

2. Intermediate Human

Signet Ring

Merozoite larva develops into a trophozoite, which grows by feeding on haemoglobin of RBC. A new vacuole forms in the centre of the cytoplasm, which pushes the nucleus to one side giving the parasite a ring-like appearance.

Pathogen: Entamoeba histolytica

Casual organ mainly intestine

• Which is spread through human feces .

• Symptom: sometimes it causes diarrhea , nausea , and weight loss.

Symptoms

• Cramping (abdominal pain)

• Diarrhea (sometimes with rectal bleeding)

• Fever

• Loose stools (amebiasis stool color may not change, but stools may be watery).

• Nausea

Treatments

1. Metronidazole (MTZ)

Precautions

• handwashing

• Proper sewage disposal

• clean enviorment

Mode of Transmission: transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes

Four kinds of malaria parasites infect humans:

P. falciparum

90% of human deaths, Deadly Brain Fever

P.vivax

Less deadly, Difficult to treat, fever every few month

P.ovale

less common, less deadly

P.malariae

less common, less deadly

Symptoms

• fever with time interval

• flu-like illness

• shaking chills

• headache

• muscle aches

• tiredness

• Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur.

• Malaria may cause anemia and jaundice because of the loss of red blood cells.

Treatments

1. Atovaquone-proguanil

2. Quinine sulfate with doxycycline

3. Primaquine phosphate

Precautions

1. Apply mosquito repellent with DEET (diethyltoluamide) to exposed skin.

2. Drape mosquito netting over beds.

3. Put screens on windows and doors.

4. Wear long pants and long sleeves to cover your skin

• Pahtogen Trypanosoma brucei

• Host Tsetse fly (Glossina species)

It gets its nickname 'sleeping sickness' because symptoms can include a disturbed sleep pattern.

Symptoms

• disturbed sleep pattern

• Fever

• severe headaches

• irritability

• extreme fatigue

• swollen lymph nodes

• aching muscles and joints

• neurologic problems occur after infection has invaded the central nervous system (after infection has invaded the central nervous system)

Treatment

Only four drugs are available for the chemotherapy of human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness

1. Suramin

2. Pentamidine

3. Melarsoprol

4. Eflornithine

Precautions

1. Early treatment

2. use net to avoid mosquito bite

Pathogen Ancylostoma duodenale

Symptoms

• ground itch

• burning, erythema, edema

• Anemia of iron deficiency

• Other symptoms are fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, food fermentation, constipation

• Children are more susceptible than adults. Mental and physical growth is retarded in children and growing youth.

Treatment

The most commonly used drug is tetrachloroethylene or blephenium hydroxynaphthoate, because of its high efficiency and low toxicity

• antihelmintic drugs used are Hexylresorcinol, thymol, oil of chenopodium, dithiazanine iodide, piperazine salt, pyrvinium pamoate

Control

1. Proper sewage disposal

2. Keep soil free from contamination of larvae.

3. Educate the people

4. Wear shoes regularly

Pathogen Wuchereria bancrofti

Incubation Period5-8 months

Vector Female Culex mosquito

Mode of Infection

• Infected mosquito feeds blood of a healthy person

• the larvae in the mosquito's blood Mixes in human blood

• Microfilariae in lymphatics trunk develop into adult worms.

When the full-fledged worms block the lymphatic system, the affected area becomes inflamed and the affected area becomes progressively swollen, resulting in goiter.

Symptoms

1. Inflammation in the affected area

2. Pain is felt at the affected area.

3. Slight fever occurs during inflammation. Fever usually increases on new moon and full moon

4. Blockage of the lymph nodes in the affected area (hands, feet, scotum, nipples, vulva, labia, clitoris etc.) gradually swells and manifests as gout.

5. Sometimes the hands and feet look like elephant feet with unusual swelling, then it is called elephantiasis.

Treatment

• By use of Antimony and Arsenical preparations for complete deworming.

• By using Diethylcarbamazine or Hetrazan to control microfilariae.

Control

1. By destroying mosquitoes

2. Diseased people should be cured by consuming Hetrazan.

3. Protection from mosquito bites.

Life Cycle

Distribution

India, Bangladesh, Pakistan

Damage

cause particular damage to Arhar trees

besides green peas, tobacco, millet, cotton, corn etc.

• Larvae is the harmful stage.

• They first eat the leaves, flowers,

• then penetrate the pods and damage the seeds.

Control

• Clean farming.

• Regular monitoring.

• Application of endosulfan or carbaryl.

• Neem insecticide can also be used.

Life Cycle

Distribution

India, Bangladesh, Pakistan

Damage

cause particular damage to Arhar trees

besides green peas, tobacco, millet, cotton, corn etc.

• Larvae is the harmful stage.

• They first eat the leaves, flowers,

• then penetrate the pods and damage the seeds.

Control

• Clean farming.

• Regular monitoring.

• Application of endosulfan or carbaryl.

• Neem insecticide can also be used.

Rice Weevil

Life Cycle

Distribution

India, Bangladesh, Pakistan

Damage

• Eats the essence of rice and other grains and turns into powder.

• Surface heating of the grain.

• create dampness due to the insect’s respiration , adds moisture which may even cause germination.

• Presence of numerous adults.

Control

By applying Novacide Aerosol ,insectiside to kill adult Rice Weevils & halt the development of eggs and larvae.

Cloves and bay leaves act as natural repellents to weevils

• Fumigation

• Removal of infested food products

• Repackaging

Life Cycle

Distribution

India, Bangladesh, Pakistan

Damage

cause particular damage to Arhar trees

besides green peas, tobacco, millet, cotton, corn etc.

• Larvae is the harmful stage.

• They first eat the leaves, flowers,

• then penetrate the pods and damage the seeds.

Control

• Clean farming.

• Regular monitoring.

• Application of pyrethrin aerosol

• Entomopathogenic fungus can also be used.

• Kingdom: Animalia

• Phylum: Nematoda

• Class: Chromadorea

• Order: Rhabditida

• Family: Ancylostomatidae

• Genus: Ancylosotma

• Species: duodenale

• Kingdom: Animalia

• Phylum: Nematoda

• Class: Phasmida

• Order: Filarioidea

• Family: Filariidae

• Genus: Wuchereria

• Species: bancrofti