Adverse effects hormonal

• Venous thromboembolism (VTE): increased rate due to estrogen-mediated coagulopathy [8]

• Cardiovascular events

• Hypertension: increased risk in patients with a history of HTN during pregnancy and/or family history of HTN

• Headaches

• Hepatic adenoma development

• Mastopathy and mastodynia

• Nausea, GERD [9]

• Breakthrough bleeding

• Follicular cysts

• Weight gain is not a side effect of hormonal contraceptives

• Sensory disorders (e.g., impaired vision)

• Detection of masses

  • Fibroid growth

  • Breast lump growth

• New or enhanced migraine-like headaches (especially with aura)

• New or enhanced epilepsy

• Jaundice

• Pregnancy

• Suspected thromboembolism or thrombophlebitis

Studies have shown that women taking estrogen-progestin combination OCPs before menopause have an increased risk of cervical carcinoma but a decreased risk of endometrial and ovarian carcinoma.