Describe the epidemiology.
Incidence: most common congenital abnormality of skeletal development
Hip instability: 1 in 100 births
Dislocation: 1 in 1000 births
Sex: ♀ > ♂ (4–5:1)
Racial/regional background
High incidence in Native American, Eastern European, and Sami populations
Low incidence in Chinese and black populations
Describe risk factors that have been identified.
The exact etiology of DDH remains unknown.
Several risk factors have been identified: [2]
Family history
Breech presentation
Inadequate intrauterine space for the fetus (e.g., oligohydramnios, first born child, twins, large birth weight)
Diseases associated with ligamentous laxity
The left hip is more commonly affected.
Secondary anatomic changes
Development of contractures around the hip
Problems associated with leg length discrepancy (e.g., abnormal gait, scoliosis, lordosis)
Describe the pathophysiology.
Children with DDH have varying degrees of abnormal hip growth such as hip instability, hip subluxation, and/or hip dislocation which result in
Hypertrophy of pulvinar fat in the acetabulum, transverse acetabular ligament, and/or ligamentum teres
Acetabular dysplasia
List clinical features.
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