Sports wear

—> primary difference between regenerated cellulose fibers and cotton is the source of the cellulose

• Regenerated fibers come from wood pulp or other plant-based sources, while cotton comes directly from the cotton plant

• the manufacturing process for regenerated fibers involves more chemical processing compared to the natural growth and harvesting of cotton

• In terms of their properties, cotton is known for its softness, breathability, and moisture-wicking abilities, while regenerated fibers can be made to have specific properties such as increased strength, moisture management, or thermal regulation

• natural fiber that comes from the cotton plant

• fibers are composed of cellulose, a natural polymer made of glucose units

• Cotton fibers have a twisted, ribbon-like structure that gives them their characteristic strength and flexibility

Advantages (especally for sports wear):

• include its high absorbency, which makes it comfortable to wear during physical activity and allows it to wick away moisture from the skin

• also breathable, allowing air to circulate around the body, which can help regulate body temperature during exercise

Disadvantages (especally for sports wear):

• include its tendency to retain moisture, which can cause it to become heavy and uncomfortable to wear during prolonged exercise

• prone to wrinkling, which can make garments look unkempt or unprofessional

• In addition, cotton fibers can break down over time with repeated use and washing, leading to a shorter lifespan for cotton sports wear compared to some synthetic alternatives

• Nylon is a synthetic fiber —> made from a polymer called polyamide, which is a type of synthetic plastic

• Nylon fibers are known for their strength, durability, and resistance to abrasion. They are also lightweight, flexible, and have good elasticity.

Advantages of Nylon for sports wear:

• Moisture-wicking —> low absorbency rate, which means they are excellent at wicking moisture away from the skin —> can help keep the wearer dry and comfortable during physical activity

• Strength and durability —>incredibly strong and resistant to wear and tear —> can withstand repeated washing and wear without losing their shape or breaking down

Disadvantages of Nylon for sports wear:

• Not breathable —> trap heat and moisture against the skin —> can be uncomfortable during prolonged periods of physical activity

• Odor retention —> retain odors (can start to smell if not washed properly) —> problem for sports wear, as it may need to be washed more frequently to prevent odor buildup

—> combination of polyester and merino wool

• Polyester is a synthetic material that is known for its moisture-wicking properties, durability, and lightweight feel —> helps to keep the skin dry by pulling moisture away from the body and allowing it to evaporate quickly —> help to regulate body temperature and prevent discomfort during physical activity

• Merino wool is a natural material that is known for its softness, breathability, and moisture management properties —> absorb up to 30% of its weight in moisture without feeling wet —> help to keep the skin dry and comfortable during physical activity

• Additionally, merino wool has natural odor-resistant properties that can help to prevent unpleasant smells from building up

By combining polyester and merino wool, the resulting fabric can offer the benefits of both materials:

—> polyester can provide moisture-wicking and durability, while the merino wool can provide softness, breathability, and odor resistance

Advantages:

• Moisture-wicking properties of polyester can help keep the skin dry and prevent discomfort during physical activity

• Softness and breathability of merino wool can provide added comfort

• Natural odor resistance of merino wool can help prevent unpleasant smells from building up

• Durable and long-lasting fabric

Disadvantages:

• Polyester is a synthetic material and may not be as environmentally friendly as natural materials

• Merino wool can be more expensive compared to other materials

• Merino wool may require special care during washing to maintain its properties

• Fabric blend may not be suitable for cold temperatures or activities with high levels of moisture.

• Rayon (=viskose)

• Lyocell (tencel) —> typ of rayon

• Modal

absorbency = ability of a material to take in a liquid and hold it within its structure

• measure how much liquid a material can hold relative to its own weight

Absorption = refers to the process of a liquid being taken in by a fiber

• describes the quantity of liquid that has been absorbed by the fiber

Adsorption = fiber holds liquid onto its surface

—> in summary, absorbency refers to how much liquid a material can hold, absorption refers to the amount of liquid that has been taken in, and adsorption refers to the ability of a fiber to attract and hold molecules on its surface.

1. Material (chemical composition)

2. Nanostructure - crystallinity, order

3. Micostructure - length of nanofibres, order

   • bulk (spinning process temperature

   • surface

     • machanical modification

     • chemical modification

4. Yarn architecture

5. Material architecture

   • knitted / woven

   • different materials

6. Composition

• performance

• durability

• cost

• shrinkage + wrinkles

• look and feel

• enviromental impact

= naturally occurring polymer that is derived from living organisms

• Examples of biopolymers include proteins, cellulose, chitin, and DNA (—> They can be either biodegradable or non-biodegradable, depending on their chemical composition and structure)

• typically have lower environmental impact than synthetic polymers

Biopolymers and biodegradable polymers are related terms, but they refer to slightly different concepts:

• Biopolymers are polymers that are naturally occurring or derived from renewable sources such as plants or bacteria

  
  

• Biodegradable polymers, on the other hand, are a specific class of polymers that can be broken down by natural processes into smaller molecules, such as carbon dioxide, water, or other naturally occurring substances.

• 
  

  —> So, while all biodegradable polymers are potentially biopolymers if they are derived from renewable sources, not all biopolymers are necessarily biodegradable.

= specific class of polymers that can be broken down by natural processes into smaller molecules such as carbon dioxide, water, or other naturally occurring substances

• Biodegradable polymers can be made from various materials, including synthetic or natural sources

• examples of biodegradable polymers are polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), and polycaprolactone (PCL)

= products are compostable (destroyed by nature)

= Polymers which are produced using green (sustainable) chemistry

= Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

• insists on minimizing the adverse impact on the quality of air, water, and other natural resources to sustain the ecosystem’s

• Textile industry is one of the major contributors (Hauptverursacher) of environment pollution (Umweltverschmutzung)

PLA = polylactic acid —> biodegradable and compostable thermoplastic polymer made from renewable sources

Lifecycle:

• made from renewable resources, which reduces its environmental impact compared to non-renewable plastics

• During use, PLA can be used for a variety of applications (including packaging, disposable products, and 3D printing materials)

• At the end of its lifecycle, PLA can be composting or recycling

  • When composted: it breaks down into natural compounds that can be used as fertilizers (Düngemittel)

  • When recycled: can be converted into new products

= highly technical fabrics —> use of 10 different materials (fabrics) Polyester, Polyurethane, Nylon, special trimmings

• design for maximal performance, not comfort

• maximum cooling (very hard workout)

• specific details for maximum duarbility (cut proof areas, back,..)

—> shows, that with the bending of different materialsit is possible to creat new fabrics with special properties

• determination of specimen breakage (Bestimmung des Probenbruchs)

• determination of mass loss (Beurteilung des Massenverlusts)

• assessment of appearance changes (Beurteilung von Erscheinungsveränderungen)

• Woven fabrics tend to resist cuttimg action mire as compared to knitted fabric

• cut indices values of woven fabrics are exceptionally high —> due to high strength and sompact structure

• composite woven samples (Kevlar/PE) show highest cut resistance index compared to both pure kevlar and PE

• cut resistance depends on the thickness of fabric —> by increasing thickness of fabric, the cut resistance property was increased

—> in sports wear woven composite fabrics —> due to superior cut resistance behavior

1. Surface area (Oberfläche):

   • impact its ability to wick (leiten) moisture and regulate temperature

   • Fibers with a larger surface area (such as microfibers) can more effectively wick moisture away from the skin, keeping the wearer dry and comfortable during exercise

2. Strength:

   • shape of a fiber can affect its strength and durability

   • Fibers with a circular cross-section (Querschnitt), such as nylon, tend to be stronger and more durable than fibers with an irregular shape, such as wool

3. Elasticity:

   • shape of a fiber can also influence its elasticity, or ability to stretch and recover

   • Fibers with a more irregular shape, such as wool, tend to be more elastic than fibers with a circular cross-section, such as nylon

4. Comfort:

   • shape of a fiber can also impact its softness and feel against the skin

   • Fibers with a round or smooth surface, such as polyester, tend to be softer and smoother against the skin, while fibers with an irregular shape, such as wool, can feel scratchy or itchy

—> Knitting and weaving are two different methods of producing fabrics from yarn

knitting = process of interlocking yarns together in a series of connected loops

• strechy and flexible

weaving = process of interlacing two sets of yarns at right angles to each other

• more structured and less strechy

—> main difference are their structure ans strechines

1. material / mix

2. fabrics

3. design / combination

= long continuous length of interlocked fibers, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing (nähen), crocheting (Häkeln), knitting (stricken), weaving (weben), embroidery (nähen), or ropemarking (seilen)

• composed of twisted strands of diber, which are known as plies when grouped together

• fine diameter fibers

• soft, durable, drapeable and high absorbency

• used for high performance sport wear

• e.g. nylon, polyester, acrylic and rayon

• cross section is hollow

• available shapes: round, trilobal and square (quadratisch)

• resilient (belastbar), better recovery (bessere Erholung), bulky (voluminös)

• better thermal insulation (by tapping air)

• e.g. hollow polypropylene fibers

• consisted of two different polymers

• provide thermal bonding, very fine fibers, unique cross section

• have functions of special polaymers or additives

• utilize (nutzen) each fibers advantages, which makes it easier to offset (ausgleichen) the drawbacks (Nachteile) of other fibers

• amplify the performance in all respects, including aesthetics, comfort, cost and maintenance (wartung)

—> comfort

• thermal comfort is determined by the movment of heat, moisture and air, is a large portiopn of the total clothing comfort

• differences in thermal conductivity between differen shapes of the fibers

  • increase with hollow fibers in comparison to solid ones

  • tirlobal fibers had lower thermal conductivity and thermal absoption than round shapes because of the more compact yarn structure

= wicking fabric uses a high-tech fiber composed of four and six-channel polyester fibers

• improve capillary attraction and moisture transfer

• provid a greater surface area for the liquid to flow across, resulting in improved wicking ability and quicker drying

• ability of fabric to wick away sweat from the body is critical for wearers comfort

• Absorbency

• Wicking

• absorption

• adsorption

• moisture regain

• hydrophilic

• hydrophobic

• water vapour transmission

—> Martindale —> is a process that determines the abrasion resistance and thus the durability of fabrics

• is a unit for quantifying the abrasion resistance of textiles

1) Determination of specimen breakage (Bestimmung des Probenbruchs)

• Sample under a certain load and plane motion in Lissajous curve abrasion with abrasive, determine the wear-resisting ability of fabric as the Total abrasion times when sample damage

2) Determination of mass loss (Bestimmung des Massenverlusts)

• Sample under a certain load and plane motion in Lissajous curve abrasion with abrasive, determine the wear-resisting ability of fabric as the mass loss of sample after abrasion a certain time

3) Assessment of appearance changes (Beurteilung von Erscheindungsveränderungen)

• SampleunderacertainloadandplanemotioninLissajouscurveabrasive,determine the wear-resisting ability of fabric as the appearance changes of the sample

• measure of a material's resistance to breaking under tension

• most common method for measuring tensile strength is a tensile test, also known as a pull test or tension test

• sample of the material is clamped at both ends and pulled in opposite directions until it breaks

• force required to break the sample is recorded, and the tensile strength is calculated by dividing the maximum load by the cross-sectional area of the sample

  
  

• biodegradability of a material can be measured in various ways depending on the specific material and conditions

• In general, biodegradability testing involves measuring the rate and extent to which a material breaks down into natural substances, such as water, carbon dioxide, and biomass, under controlled conditions

= ability of a substance to be broken down into simpler compounds by the action of living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae in the environment

• A biodegradable substance can be consumed by microorganisms and converted into natural substances such as carbon dioxide, water, and biomass, which do not harm the environment

• rate of biodegradability and the extent to which a substance is biodegradable can vary depending on the chemical composition and environmental conditions

Natural

• plant

• hair

• animal

man made

• cellulose

synthetic

• polymers

= natural fiber —> plant —> cotton

• 50% of the worlds textile fiber

• genetically modified for resistance to glyphosate

• single-sell filaments

• Properties: softness, breathability, durability

• Use: textile products

• Sports weare: often blenden with other fibers (like polyester) —> popular choice for t-shirts, sweatshirts, shirts

  • limitations: tends to retain moisture, which can lead to discomfort and chafing (Scheueren), praticulary during high-intensity activities

= natural fiber —> plant —> flax

• often referred as “linen”

• Properties: strong, durable fiber that is absorbent and quick-drying, super hypoallergenic

• Use: colthing and bedding

• Sports wear: highly absorbent making it a good choice for sweatbands

= natural —> plant —> protein found in soybeans

• Properties: soft and smooth texture —> comfortable to wear, leightweight and breathable, moisture-wicking properties

• Use: clothing (often combined with other fibers)

= natural —> hair

• cuticle consists of several layers of flat, thin cells, laid out overlapping one another as roof shingles (Dachziegel)

• the cortex, which contai ns the kreation bundle sin cell structures, remain roughly rod-like (etwa stabförmig)

• the medulla is a disorganized and open aera at the fibers center

• people with straight hair = round hair fibers

• people with wavy / curly hair = oval and other shaped fibers

= natural —> hair —> sheep

• protein based fiber

• crimped (gekräuselt) and naturally elastic, which allow them to spun into yarns that can be woven or knitted into variety of fabrics

• came in a range of quality

• properties: warm, moisture-wicking. dighly durable, withstand heavy wear and tear, helps to stay warm wehn its cold and cool when ist hot

• Use: warm clothing such as sweaters, hats and gloves

• sports wear: often used in baselayers and midlayers for cold-weather sports (skiing, snowboarding, mountaineering)

  • wool fibers have a natural ability to neutralize odors, which make it a good choice for sport wear that worn for extended periods of time

  • meriono wool, in practicular, i a popular choice for active wear due to its softness and high performance

• Limitations: felting shrinkage (verfilzung)

—> felting shrinkage (verfilzung)

• occurs during wet processin

• scale edge of one fiber locks into the inter-scale gap of another fiber like a “ratchet” mechanism

• fibers inerlock and connot return to their original positions

• wool fibers can be made shrink-resistan either by removing or covering the scales or by restricting movments of fibers

= natural —> hair —> wool —> meriono sheep

• type of wool that comes from the merione sheep

• finer and softer than traditional wool fibers —> more comftortable to wear

• surface of traditional wool fibers and merino wool differ in their texture and fiber diamter:

  • traditional = lager diameter and rougher surface

  • merino = smaller diameter and smoother surface

• natural crimp, which provides elasticity and helps the wool to bounce after being streched

• Properties: excellent warmth-toweigth ration, breathable, moisture-wicking

• Use: clothing, socks

• Sports wear: base layers, leggings, outdoor activities

= natural —> animal —> silk

• natural protein fiber

• good wicking ability and can absorb water up to one.third its weight without feeling wet

• high thermal conductivity (leitfähigkeit) and feels cool to the touch

• Properties: strength, durability, mosture-wicking —> comfortable to wear in warm and cold weather, hypoallergenic, less likely to irritate the skin

• Use: high-end clothing, accessories such as suits, dresses..

• Sports wear: base laysers (help to regulate the body temperature and keep the wearer comfortable)

= type of biopolymer fiber made from milk protein (casein)

• produced extracting casein protein from milk and then processing it into fibers

• 100% natural, soft and smooth as silk and skin friendly

• natural antibacterial effect and high hydrophilicity

• only natural fiber which has thermo-bonding properties

• light wight construction remain 100% and can be composted

• Properties: soft, breathable, moisture-wicking, thermo-bonding, sustainable

  • sustainable because they are biodegradable and made from renewable resources

• Use: textiles and clothing

  
  

• extraction of raw material —> milk is first dewaterd and skimmed (abgeschöpft) —> casien obtained by acid treatment of skimmed milk

• Polymerization —> casein is dissolved in sodium hydroxide

• spinning —> wet spinning technique

• hardening

• washing

• drying (avoid high temperatures)

• ironing

—> man made

= the main component of plant cell walls and thus the most common organic compound in nature

• lang-chain polymer made up of repeating units of glucose, a type of sugar

• formed by the reaction if many glucose molecules with the elimination of water

• cellulose fibers typacally extracted from these sources using a chemical or mechanical process:

  • cellulose carbohydrates

  • cellulose wood

  • cellulose cotton

• pure cellulose is nit suitable for use in tectiles or other products without sime from fo chemical processing —> therfore regenerated fibers from cellulose = man made

  
  

= man made —> cellulose —> viscose /rayon

• first man made synthetic fiber

• cellulose fiber that is made from natural sources, such as wood or other plants materials

• Properties: highly absrobent, washable, soft, smooth, comfortable

• use: textile products, clothing, bedding

• sports wear: less commonly used in sports wear due to their tendency to shrink and lose shape when wet

  • can be blendet with other fibers to improve its moisture.wicking properties

= man made —> cellulose —> lyocell / tencel

• a type of rayno

• cellulose fiber that is produced fromm wood pulp using a closed-loop manufacturing process —> therfore cellulose in high purity with little hemicellulose and no lignin

  • no use of harmful carbon sulfilde

  • expensive ro produce

• Properties: strength, durability, softness, eco-friendly

• Use: clothing, bedding and other textiles

• sports wear: often used because of their strength, durability and moisture-wicking properties

  • often blended witch other materials such as polyester to enhance their properties and increas their durability

= man made —> cellulose —> modal

• cellulose fiber that is derived from beech tree pulp

• Properties: more lightweight than viscose, more breathable, highly resistant to pilling, silky smooth to the touch (softness), 50% more water-absorbent per unit volume than cotton

• use: clothing and home textiles (towels, sleepwear, underweat..)

• sports wear: soft and comfortable against the skin —> leggigs, tank tops, sport bras

Man-made fibers are produced from natural materials, but are processed and spun into fiber form by humans (like rayon, acetate, and lyocell, which are made from cellulose, a natural material derived from plants)

Synthetic fibers are entirely man-made and do not use natural materials as their starting point. Examples of synthetic fibers include polyester, nylon, and acrylic, which are made from petrochemicals and other synthetic materials.

In general, synthetic fibers are known for their strength, durability, and resistance to wrinkles and shrinking, while man-made fibers often have a softer feel and better breathability.

= fibers thatare produced from various materials using chemical processes

• created by extruding fiber-forming materials through spinnerets, forming a fiber —> synthetic or artifical fibers

• made from sxnthetic polymers or small molecules —> created by polymerization (involves combining monomers to make a lang chain or polymer)

• can created specific properties

• synthetic fibers often used as a substizute for natural fibers in textiles and other products, due to their durability, strength and versatility (vielseitigkeit)

= synthetic —> polyers —> polaymide

= water-repellent and resistant plastic —> because of the properties of polyamide, they are processed into snthetic fibers like nylon, perlon, enkalon

• basic module are carbon atoms

• Production: polycondensation, polymerization

• fibers can be fine als well as corase, matt or shiny, abrasion reisistance (Abrieb)

• fibers used in clothing, industrial materials and sports equipment

= synthetic —> polymer —> polyamide —> nylon

• synthetic polyamid fiber (substitute fir silk)

• made by reaction of adipic and hexamethylenediamine, which creates a polymer that can be spun into fibers

• ecological model studen —> minimal impact on the environment

  • produced by wsted products taht are unavoidable in oil production —> not biodegradable, but recycled —> possible to buy fully recycled nylon fabrics

• Propeties: straong, durable, reisitant to abrasion, lightweight, easy to wasch an dry, resist shrinkage and wrinkle, waterproof, cost-effective but can sprak due to static charge, low absorbency, melt if catches fire

• Use: toothbrush bristles, fishing lines, cloting —> often bend with other fibers to create strechy and comfortable fabrics

• sports wear: athletik shirts, shorts, leggins

= synthetic —> Polymers —> polyester

= incredibly strong (durable) —> dont tear (zerreisen), strech or pill (fusseln) easily like cotton and other natural fibers

• synthetic polymer made from petroleum-derived chemicals

• properties: strong, lightweight, retains it shape, resistant to wrinkles and shrrinking, moisture resistance, remain stain-resistance (schmutzabweisend), less breathable —> if you sweat the fabric will trap in the moisture and male you fell hot ans sticky, coarse —> dosnet have luxuriouse feel unlike many natural fabrics blended

• use: clothing, bedding, durability made it especally popular for outdoor clothing

• sports wear: quick-drying and misture-wicking making them a popular choice for sports and outdoor clothes

= synthetic —> polymer

• made from PBO —> produced by a dry-jet wet spinning process (diffucult to manufacture and expensive)

• Properties: exceptional strength, heat resistant, low weigth, resistant to heat and chemicals, very low flammability, can degrade over time when exposed to UV light —> can result in a loss of strength and durability

• use: tennis racquets,

• sports wear: use for bullet proof vests and expensive sports wear

= synthetic —> polymers

• made from condensation of aromatic diamines with terephathalic acid or its derivatives —> resulting polymer is then spun into fibers ursing a dry-jet wet spinning process

• stronges manmade organic fiber: almost twice as strong as aramid fibers (kevlar, Nomex) and about 10 times stronger than steel

• 100°C higher decomposition temperatur than aramid and exhibits very little creep under stress

• properties: highly resistant to thermal degragation and maintaining their mechanical properties even at very high temperatures, high tensile strength, abrasion resistance, chemical resistance

• use: protective clothing for firefighters, high temperatur protective gloves

• sports wear: not commonly used in sports wear because of their relatively high cost and lack of breathability

  • However, they have been used in some specialized applications where extreme heat and flame resistance are required, such as in protective equipment for race car drivers

= synthetic —> polymers

• made from polyethylene with a ultra high molecular weight

• 15xstronger than steel

• Properties: exceptional strength and durability, low weight, resistant to abrasion, cutting and impact

• use: protective gear, ropes

• sports wear: climbing ropes, asiling ropes as well as in protective gear such as helemts, gloves and shoes

  • low weight, which makes them ideal for applications where weight is a critical factor, such as in sports where athletes need to move quickly and efficiently

  • combined with a protective baselayer, Dyneema offers cyclists effective abrasion protection at speeds up to 60 km/h, whilst also reducing the severity of open wounds at even higher speeds

= essentially the same

= synthetic —> polymers

• elastic fiber made from a synthetic polymer called polyurethane

• elastomer —> can be streched to a certain degree and it recoils when released

• Properties: strechable, durable, resistant to damage from chemicals and heat

• Use: clothing

• sports wera: due to their abilility to provide comfortable and flexible support —> leggings, compression shorts, sport bars, swimsuits

  • provide a comfortable and snug fit (gute passform), which is essentail for activities that require a wide range of motion, such as yoga, dance and athletics

= synthetics —> polymer

• produced from a wide range of starting materials (monomers) and is therfore a class of polymers, rather than a distinct compound (deutliche verbindung)

  • contain two typs of monomers, which polymerize one after the other, so they are classed as alternating copolymers

  • can be formed into a range of materials with different properties —> used to make foams, adhesives, coating and synthetic fibers

• Properties: changes depending on the composition, common pronlem if crumble due to hydrolysis

• use: changes depending on the composition

• sports wear: often used as a coating or as a component of composite materials to enhaunce durability, water resistance and breathability —> e.g. polyurethance coatinings can be applied to fabrics to create waterproof and breathable membrans for use in rain jackets, ski pants and other outdoor gear

= synthetics —> polymer

• synthetic rubber material

• typo of polymer known as chloroprene, which is created by the polymerization of chloroprene

• Properties: excellent chemical resistance, good weatherability (witterungsbeständigkeit), high level of water resistance, good resistance to erbrittlement (Versprödung), ozon attack

• use: wetsuits, gloves, protective clothing

• sports wear: protectiv gear such as knee and elbow pads, ·      neoprene can be used in the design of clothing that is intended to provide compression and support for the muscles, such as compression shirts and shorts

= synthetic —> polymer

= is a name of a group of synthetic polymers

• made up of silicopn, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen

• can be found in main forms, including solids, liquids and gels

• sports wear: used in form of coatings or prints on fabrics to provide slip-resistant or water resistant properties

• e.g. silicone can be applied to the soles of socks or gloves ti improve traction or to the surface of swim caps to reduce drag in the water

= fabric made frin expanded polyetetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), a synthetic material that is highly resistant to water and wind, bit allows moisture capor to pass through

• material used in GORE-TEX is made up of billiopns of tiny pores, which are small enough to prevent water dropelts from passing through, but large enough to allow water vapor (i.e. sweat) to escape —> GORE-TEX is both waterproof and breathable, helping to keep the wearer dry and comfortable even in wet or humid conditions

• clothes are made from three layers

  • conventional outer shell fabric

  • two seperate GORE-TEX layers with similar but quite different waterproof-breathable properties

—> three layers

inside layer:

• Thin, relativly delicate inner membrane of flim thats hydrophilic —> allows water vapor to escape but dosent allow liquid water in

• hydrophilic layer absorbs perspiration produces by your body and transport it to the outside: water move becuase of the difference in water concentraion between the inseide and the outside

outer layer:

• made from a microporouse playtic polymer (teflon)

• hydrophobic —> resist water from outside, even wehen its impacting at high speed or pressure

• hydrophobic layer doesent soak up water coming in from the outside, but allow perspiration to escape from the inside by diffusion

= type of polyamide or nylon

• Nylon 66 is made of two monomers each containing 6 carbon atoms

• the monomers: hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid

• aside from its superior physical characteristics, nylon 66 is attractive because its precursors are inexpensive