lecture questions exam

Buffl

biol oc

by sami S.

source and sinks of elements

soucre:

hydrothermal vents
river discharge
atm deposition

sinks:

hydrithermal vennts
outgasing
sedimentation

What is functional diversity?

- component of biodiversity that generally concerns the range of things that organisms do in communities and ecosystems.

What trophic modes can you find in benthic marine ecosystems?

- Predation

- Filter feeding

- grazing

What does particle retention efficieny refer to in suspension feeders?

- Percentage of particles you filter that you actually retain

Which of the two groups have a higher retention efficieny for particles <2 μm:

sponges vs. bivalves?

- Sponges: can filter super small bacteria and even 100% retention efficiency

How does the sponge filter apparatus differ from that of bivalves?

- Sponge: filterchambers covered by choanocytes (cells with flagella which creates current) also choana (microvilli) capturing and transporting particles

Bivalves: through gilts, made by filaments with cilia creating waterflow going along gills, particles transported through filaments, captured by cilia(?) and transported through mouth

What specialized structures / organs do marine invertebrate groups possess to capture and ingest particulate food? Name 4.

- Radular from molluscs

- Arms from bryozoans

- Gills bivalves

- Filtered chambers (ostium) and osculum from sponges

4 points of Hologenome theory of Evolution

- (1) Symbiosis is ubiquitous across the tree of life

- (2) Symbionts can be transmitted between generations

- (3) Microbial symbionts affect holobiont fitness

- (4) Variation in the symbiont community aids in holobiont acclimation

1) What is a mesophotic reef? How are these distinct from shallow/deep reefs

light dependent communities also main diff. from deep-sea communiti morphologies and community composition differ from shallow

2) What are the three dominant structural communities in the mesoph

algae, coral, sponges

3) What is the Deep Reef Refugia Hypothesis (DRRH)? What are its limit

Deep reef refugia hypothesis = mesoph populations can provide viable reproduct material for shallow reef areas following disturbances, but tested on a limited taxo geographic, bathymetric, and climatic bas

4) Are all mesophotic populations well connected to their neighbouring shallow populations? What might enchance/inhibit connectivity?

Connectivity is possible, but this potential varies by location/taxa and is enhanced/inhibited by several aspects (larval supply, behavioural movement, phenotypic plasticity, local hydrodynamic patterns, etc)

Why are mesophotic populations important? Should we alter shallow reef management strategies to include mesophotic reefs? Explain why yes/no

As per the DRRH, could serve as a reservoir to replenish biodiversity lost in shallow waters, and they also have their own unique biological communities

a. Who are these heterotrophic bacteria and what are they eating?

whale falls
sponge loop
eat phytoplankton -> drawn to bloom (flavobacteria und roseobacter)

whale fall stages

mobile scavengers
enrichment opportunist stage
sulfophilic stage
reef stage

a. Name one chemical redox reaction that can be catalyzed by microbes to gain energy via chemosynthesis!

h2 oxidation
sulfur oxidation

candidate phyla concept

The candidate phyla radiation (also referred to as CPR group) is a large evolutionary radiation of bacterial lineages whose members are mostly uncultivated and only known from metagenomics and single cell sequencing.

12-What genes are often used to construct phylogenetic trees and why? example

16S because is konservative RNA gene in mitochondria

16SrRNA