practical know hows

Sinus Venosus: receives unoxygenated blood from the body. A

valve at the end of the sinus venosus opens into the atrium.

• acantomorpha (in neoteleostei from euteleostei)

• species identification

• pathways of evolution

• individual examination

• interrelation of structure and function

red and white

exception: tuna and white sharK: warmer body temp, thus red muscle concentrated on inner body part for higher temp exchange

• long, coiled -> herbivorous to harbour more bacteria for digestion

  • salpa salpa, parrot fish

• short: carnivorous

• cod: long gut but still carnivorous

• physostomes: ductus pneumaticus

  • carp, eel, herring

  • herring and sardines can produce ar bubble to communicate (fart)

• physoclists: no functioning ductus

  • bass, cod, pipefish

• no swimm bladder:

  • plaice, mola mola, mackerel, lumpfish, gobies, chondrychthyes

vertebral column, cranium, jaw, ribs, and intramuscular bones

No swim bladder – buoyancy throughsqualene:

- hydrocarbon

- interim stage of the cholesterol synthesis

- 860 kg/m3

- fine tuning through the variation of the content

of some lipid components in the liver oil

(Alkoxydiglyceridae,

Triglyceridae¯)

1. euteleostei (Cod, Tuna)

2. clupeomorpha (herring)

3. elopomorpha (eel)

4. osteoglossomorpha (asiatischer gabelbart)

1. newest

clupeoidei

• no spiny fins

• one dorsal fn

• cycloid scales

• physostomus (ductus pneumaticus)

• extention from swim bladder to inner ear “webber appendages”

• bsp: atlantic herring

• 3. newest (almost same like clupeomorpha)

  • fins without spines

  • only one dorsal fin

  • cycloid scales

  • no lateral line

  • physostomous

newest

ostariophysi

• Weberian Apparatus (Specific Modification of

the first 4 to 5 vertebrates ) which conduct

vibrations (sensed by the gas bladder as a

resonance organ) to the inner ear. -> connection to ear and swimm bladder

• Two-chamber swim bladder (Exceptions)

• Alarm Substances

common carp

acanthomorpha:

• paracanthopterygii

  • gadiformes (cod)

  • no spiny fin rays

  • physoclists

  • cycloid scales

• percomorpha

  • Perch like, mackerels (no swimbladder), tuna

  • body temperature slightly higher than ambient temperature –heat exchange system!!

    higher proportion of red muscle tissue than other fish

Atrium: with thick, muscular walls. Receives unoxygenated blood

and pumps it into the ventricle.

Ventricle: largest and most muscular chamber of the heart. When

the ventricle fills with blood it constricts and forces the blood

through the bulbus arteriosus.

Bulbus Arteriosus: valve or series of valves that control blood

flow out of the ventricle and into the ventral aorta. Blood passes

through the bulbus arteriosus to the ventral aorta. From the ventral

aorta, blood flows to the gill filaments, where it is oxygenated.

• general: are involved for feeding and project from branchial arch

• planktivorous:

  • filter feeders

  • long

• omnivores:

  • tightly packed

  • comb-like

  • filtraters (planktivorous) long and thin

  • bsp: herring, mackerel

• carnivores:

  • short ad widely spaced (thick and tiny)

  • teeth like

  • sediment feeders, carp (carp still omnivores), bramidae, tuna

marine:

• less salty body than environment

• drink a lot of water, less urine

freshwater:

• saltier body

• water entering body continuously

• pee alot to get rid of water (high urine but diluted outburst), dont drink

shark: (general chondrochtyes)

• no opperculum but gill slits for every single gill arch

normal:

• allow breathing (water through mouth and exits through gills)

• filaments/lamellae for gas exchange

• increased surface increase which is crucial for gas exchange

• most fish have five pairs of gills

• some species retain gill rakers

  
  

1. forebrain: smell - enlarged eel

2. midbrain: vision, learning and motor response (reduced in blind cave fish)

3. hindbrain: coordinates movement, muscle tone and balance (enlarged in fast swimming fish)

secrete digestive enzymes

apparent in predatory/ carnivore species

increase the overall intestinal absorptive surface area

Females: paired ovaries

where eggs are produced and

stored

● Males: pair of testes where

sperm is created and stored

● Reproduction sexually

● Sexual maturity at birth or

shortly after; most mature

within the first one to five

years

design of studies

1. look for highest similarity

2. fuse objects at this similarity level

3. compute new similarity matrix of n-1 (=3) objects or n-2 (=2)

=multidimensional scaling

= analysis of similarities

modified after wthittaker 1972, 1977

• depth in which ps equals respiration -> net synthesis is zero

• 1% light depth corresponds roughly to it

1. depth just before disappeared out of sight

2. just disappeared

3. can be see again during heaving

k= 1.7/D

light depth (m) = secchi depth (m) / 1.7 x (ln 100 - ln light depth (%))

• standard

  • remains constant during period of investigation

  • results permits good descriptions of conditions in same depth of different regions or during different periods

  • disadvantage: interesting and important events might get lost in other depths (not recorded)

• variable

  • samples are taken from variable depth depending f.e. on light (depth of max and min chl a), or aggregation of zooplankton (sound reflecting layers

  • disadvantage: bad comparability of different regions

• solution: combination of both types

• GF/F= glas fibre filters

  • chem inert, 0.7 µm pore size

  • PON,POC,POP (pre-combusted), rinsed FSW

  • Chl a, rinsed

• membrane filters of cellulose acetate/ nitrate

  • better defined pore size but can be electrostatically charged (unusable for weighing)

  • 0.8 µm: BSi, rinsed

• polycarbonate membrane filters:

  • to separate cells in water samples

  • exactly defined pore size

• DIP

• Nitrate

• -> determine growth of phytoplankton during spring bloom and in following autumn and summer month

• important for diatoms and silico flagellates

• develop sjells or skeleton

• particulate si only dissolved form chem processes, recyclnig i sslower than recycling of phosphate or nitrate

  • thus compostion of phytoplankton depends on silicate

• o2 in atm

• temp

• salinity

• humidity

Iodometric titration with multistep oxidation to iodide to iodine (mn as transfer medium)

1. watersample is added: Manganese(II)chloride and alkaline potassium iodide (KI) -> closed and it starts to precipitate

2. quantitative oxidation to Mn(III)-hydroxide (brown)

3. sulphuric acid is placed on the precipitate, Mn(III) oxidizes surplus iodide to iodine

4. iodine in sample is proportional to the amount of oxygen in symple, solution is titrated with thiosulfate solution (iodine reduced)

5. amoiunt of thiosulfate added is proportional to molecular oxygen in sample

• allow the sensor to be physically divided from the measurement system (non-invasive)

• sensor emits fluorescence, signal is enhanced or quenched when meeting oxygen molecules

• needs to be calibrated with winkler method

physostome

from cod onwards physoclists

herring:

• short gut compared to total length but long gill rakers

• filter feeding, omnivorous

carp:

• long gut but short gill rakers

• omnivorous but no filter feeders

both physostomes

living and dead material

under water vision profiler

for carbon flux

surface: baltuc outflow

eep: north sea inflow

• wind

• turbulence

• convective mixing (only when salinity is almost the same)

naked = gymnosomata (carnivorous)

shelled = thecosomata (omnivorous)

dont have a larval stage (cephalopod)

• pelagic polypoid colonies

• 
  

• sessil hydroid generation

• all depth worldwide

• cynea capillata (30m)

• nemopilema nomurai (180 kg)

planula -> polyp -> ephyra -> medusa -> egg

trochophora

1. calanoida: 1st antennae longer than half the body, movable joint behind 6th thoraric segment

2. cyclopoida: movable joint between 5th and 6th

3. harpacticcida: lack of obvious division between the cephalothorax and abdomen

fused: decapoda (glls are covered)

not fused: mysidacea

• respiration expressed as a function of bodymass, temp, sampling, depth and taxonomic grouping

• size sinking speed relationships

• needs to be quantitative

• arctic: one bloom after ice

• temperate: 2 blooms

• tropics: constant fluctuation

1. polar: low div, high abundance, large oil sacks or droplets

   1. arctic: calanus

   2. antarctic: calanoid, eauphauriids

2. tropic/subtropic: high div, low abundance, small no oil saac or droplets (no storage needed bc no cycle)

   1. mainly copepod

3. temperate regions: fewer species than tropic, high abundance, large to small

   1. diversity between polar and tropics

4. sheld: few species, low diversity, small but few large taxa

   1. cladocera, meroplanktonic larva

5. oceanic more species, higher div, no/very few meroplanktonic larvae

   1. siphonophora, pteropoda, ostracoda, salpidae

• fixation by lugols iodine (I, KI)

• stains plankton brown and makes it heavier

• sedimentation in sedimentation chamber (24, 48 h)

• coutning by inverted microscope

1. cyanobacteria (bluegreen algae)

   1. nodularia aphanizomenon:

      1. N2 fixation in soecialized cells (heterozysts)

      2. brakish water

2. cryptophyta

   1. plagioselmis

   2. teleaulax

3. dinophyta (dinoflagellates)

   1. Naked: gymnodinium, gyrodinium

   2. armoured: ceratium, dinophysis, peridinium, prorocentrum

1. isolate dna from sample

2. amplify target dna barcoe region using pcr

3. sequence pcr product

4. compare resulting sequence against reference dtabase to find matching species (degenerate primers that match multiple bases)

= cytochrome oxidase I (in animals)

• present across multiple species

• Mt: no recombination and introns

• haploid, many copies per cell

sampling:

• dna extraction

  • lysis

  • binding buffer

  • wash proteins and carbohydrates

  • elution

• pcr

• gel electrophoresis

sequencing:

• cycle sequence reaction

• taq polymerase

• mg chloride (buffer co-factor)

• reaction buffer (comes with taq)

• primer r and f

• dNTPs

• H2O for volume

1. tracking down pop origin rather than species

2. processed food difficult to sample

1. rocky/mixed bottom, mytilus habitat

2. vegetated soft bottom, zostera habitat

3. rock bottom, fucus habitat

chloride cells: enables excretiun

• High saline: sodium flows in between cells through sea water bc nutrient (Na) increase in blood

• Low saline: take up of salt (can change use of transporters)

gradient is made to bring cl inside

1. monokaryotic: one per cell

2. dikaryotic

3. polykaryotic

4. siphonal or coenocytic: just on cell, many nuclei

• green alga: prim symbiosis (2 organell membranes)

• red algae: prim symbiosis (2)

• brown and diatoms: sec from red algae (4)

• green: haplodiplontic

• red: haplodiplontic

• brown: haplodiplontic

grabs: quantitative: macrofauna (we used van veen grab, 4% formaline and buffered with borax)

trawl: qualitative: megafauna