What are challenges in renewable Energy?
Day-Night cycle
Seasonal cycle
Geographical energy distribution of Wind, Water, Sun
Conversion of Wind, Water, Sun
Storage
Transport
Threefold dilemma energy systems
Energy security
environmental sustainability
Energy justice
STRATEGIC METALS INENERGY AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES
electronic and solar energy applications (gallium, germanium, selenium,indium, and tellurium)
several rare earth elements (praseodymium, neodymium, terbium,dysprosium, and lutetium) important in offshore wind, e-mobility, lighting,and medical imaging
platinum group metals for catalysts in fuel cells / chemical energy conversion
thermoelectric conversion of waste heat (cadmium, tellurium)
magnetic cooling (gadolinium, germanium, indium, cobalt)
batteries (lithium, cobalt)
yttrium for high TC superconductors
Factors for criticality of metals
Geological availability
Geopolitics
Economical Development
Substitution and Recycling
Ecological and Social Consequences
Technical Development
Yale analytical framework for determining metalcriticality at the global level
McKelvey-diagram
Criticality matrix
OPTIONS FOR SUBSTITUTION
Substitution
Substitution is one of several mitigation strategies to deal with thecriticality of strategic metals.
Substitution can be addressed on several levels of technologyand material science advancement.
Viability of a substitutional strategy needs to be proven by LCAand LCC.
All steps of the value chain leading to e.g. a high performancemagnet or a battery, the two essential ingredients for electromobility, are subject to constant improvements.
Regulations, legislation or disruptive innovation can change theneed for substitution quickly
Supply Chain
Raw materials
Processing
Production (components, product)
Usage
Re-Phase
End of life
Life Cycle Assessment
a method to calculate the environmental impactof a product over its entire life-cycle.In this context, the term 'product'also includes services
GREEN CONFLICT MINERALS
At least 23 key minerals will be critical to the development and deployment ofsolar panels, wind turbines, electric vehicles and energy storagetechnologies.
Many of these minerals are projected to surge in demand in the comingdecades, in part due to the global transition to the low-carbon economy.
Significant reserves of all of these identified minerals are found in statesperceived to be both fragile and corrupt, as defined by Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index and the Fund for Peace’sFragile States Index.
Definition Conflict minerals
minerals that “finance armed groups,fuel forced labour and other human rights abuses, and support corruption andmoney laundering
Mitigation strategies to address criticality
Rare earth value chain for magnets
Rare earth value chain
supply risks, bottlenecks and keyplayers along the supply chain of wind turbines
supply risks, bottlenecks and keyplayers along the supply chain of traction motors
Last changed2 years ago