Kartenstapel

determinders-premodifieres-noun-postmodifiers

(some popular books on astronomy)

aux(modal)-aux2(perfect)-aux3(progressive)-passive aux(be)-

will go

has talked

is going was interrupted

may have been being questioned

mainverb

premodifier- adjective- postmodifier

very happy that you could join us

extremely proud of you

premodifier-adverb- postmodifier

very surprisingly indeed

preposition- complement

trough the window

by what you say

SV -> John and Mary are walking.

SVO -> John likes Mary.

SVC -> They seem happy.

SVA -> John is looking at Mary.

SVOO-> John does not dare to give Mary a kiss.

SVOC -> Mary considers John a gentleman.

SVOA -> John hides his feelings for Mary behind a warm smile.

-units are linked on the same syntactic level: they have equivalent status (I screamed and he cried.)

-coordination can take place at different levels of syntax: between a)words b)phrases or c)clauses

-the units are usually linked by a “coordinating conjunction”

-3 major coordinates: and, or, but

-one of the units is an element of a superordinate unit: the units do not have equivalent status

-the units are ususally linked by a “subordinate conjunction”

-subordinators: after, although, as, because, before, that, until, when,while…as if, in case, in thr event that, assuming that

-subordinating conjunction

-a wh- element

-the item that

-absence of a finite verb

1. finite clause (contains a finite verb, can be a main clause)

2. non-finite clause (contains a non-finite verb: pres. part, past part.,past part., infinitive., to-inf)

3. verb classes (no verb element

declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative

simple, coordinated, complex

normal, adverbial, relative and comparativ

sentence, clause, phrase

Notional: refer to things

Formal:

• proper (unoque referents like Prof. Huber) vs. common (non-unique referents like plants)

  • concrete (perceivable like table) vs. abstract (non-perceivable like imagination)

• count (countable like boxes) vs. mass (non countable like wine)

Functional: Nouns can function as subjects, objects, or complements in a sentence. They can also be modified by adjectives or other noun modifiers and be used in noun phrases.

notional: actions, processes and events

Formal: are inflected for tense, aspect, and sometimes mood. They also take different forms depending on the subject and object of the sentence (i.e. they are conjugated).

• auxiliary (BE, HAVE and DO can carry grammatical meaning) vs. lexical (denote actions)

• transitive (require and object) vs. intransitive (do not require an object)

• stative (cannot be used in the progressive) vs. dynamic (can be used in the progressive)

Functional: Verbs can function as predicates in a sentence, expressing the action or state of being. They can also take objects or complements, and be modified by adverbs or other verb modifiers.

Notional: further characterisation of nouns (expressing qualities, characteristics, or attributes)

Formal: Adjectives in English can be inflected for comparison (comparative or superlative)

• gradable (hot) vs. non-gradable (alive)

  Functional: Adjectives function as noun modifiers, providing additional information about the noun they modify.

  
  

  
  

  
  

• give circumstantial information vs. further characterisation of adjectives and adverbs

• Notional: Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, expressing manner, time, place, or degree.

• Formal: Adverbs in English typically do not inflect for grammatical features. Some may be formed by adding a suffix to an adjective or noun.

• Functional: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, expressing how, when, where, or to what extent.

-Notional: Pronouns are words that replace nouns or noun phrases, referring to people, places, things, or concepts.

-Formal: Pronouns in English can be inflected for case (nominative, accusative, genitive, etc.) and can vary in form depending on the gender of the referent in some cases.

-Functional: Pronouns replace nouns or noun phrases in a sentence, making it more concise and avoiding repetition

• personal (I, Me, you..)

• reflexive (myself, themselves…)

• possessive (mine, yours…)

  • others

    • ingterrogative (who, what…)

    • relative (who, which, whom, that, whose…)

    • demonstrative (his, these..)

    
    

• Notional: Numerals are words that express numbers or quantities.

• Formal: Numerals in English can be cardinal (one, two, three) or ordinal (first, second, third). They do not have gender or case inflection.

• Functional: Numerals indicate quantity or order, modifying a noun or standing alone as a noun.-ordinal (rank (first, second…))

• Notional: define the reference of the noun

• Formal: Determiners in English can be definite (the), indefinite (a, an), possessive (my, your), demonstrative (this, that), or interrogative (which, what).

• Functional: Determiners specify the reference or quantity of a noun in a sentence.

• Notional: Prepositions are words that indicate the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.

• Formal: Prepositions in English do not inflect for grammatical features.

• Functional: Prepositions indicate the spatial, temporal, or logical relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.

• link NP with another unit (e.g. We will leave after lunch.)

• link Adj/V with its object (e.g. I am crazy about you. He gave up his job.)

• coordinating (join two items on an equal footing (eg and)

• subordinating (subordinate one item to another (eg if)