USA,Nigeria,UK

• personal: freedom, dignity & happiness

• economic: properity and succes; rising from poverty to fame & fortune

• social: equality & a classless society

• religious: religious freedom in a promised land chosen by God

• political: democracy

• the various heritages do not merge into one, but stay distinct: “unity in diversity”

• mostly strong cultural ties are kept to the home cuntries

• problems: racism, discrimination, ethnic disadvantages

• multiculturalism

• the various ethnic groups do not retain their cultural heritage but amalgamate into one new nation

• immigrants give up most of their national identity, way of life, language and culture

• monoculturalism

• assimilation

• war between the North and the South

• an official abolition of slavery, but still: no end of discrimination and racism against black people especially in the South

• guarantees of equality social opportunities and equal protection under the law regardless of race, religion or other personal characterisitcs

• manily during the 1950s & 1960s

• was a struggle for social justice

• secure equal access and opportunities for African Americans

• means: non-violent protest, civil disobedience and boycotts

• 1928 - 1968

• leader of the CRM in the 50’s & 60’s

• excellent orator, great advocate of non-violent protests

• most famous speech “I Have A Dream” in Washington

• against racism and segregation

• his assasination caused a wave of riots

• the freer of the slaves

• 1809 - 1865

• 16th president of the U.S.: opposed strongly against slavery and was determined to limit the expansion of slavery westward

• 13th amendment: officially abolished slavery in America

• Lincoln supported its ratification

• Montgomery Bus Boycott

• symbolic figure of the civil rights movement

• 1955 in Montgomery: she rejected bus driver’s order to vacate her seat for a white passenger

• dream:

  • abolition of slavery,

  • implementation of freedom & equality

  • equal opportunities

• reality for black people:

  • Southern states: protectionists of slavery

  • Northern states: opponents of slavery

  • Emancipation Proclamation

• key figure:

  • Abraham Lincoln with the Emancipation Proclamation

• dream:

  • social mobility

  • justice

  • brotherhood ( of black & white )

• reality for black people:

  • segregation

  • discrimination & oppression

  • poverty

• key figures:

  • Martin Luther King: CRM & I Have A Dream (1963)-

  • Rosa Parks: Montgomery Bus Boycott

• dream:

  • better education programms for all

  • tolerance & acceptance

  • execution of existing laws & constitutional rights

• reality for black people:

  • still unable to participate in the American economy

  • persistent racial disparities

  • poverty

  • police brutality (George Floyd in 2020)

• key figure:

  • Barack Hussein Obama: former president of US as proof of black people’s ascendancy

    
    

PRO:

• people can still achieve their aims if they work hard

• free education for everyone

• it’s about equality of opportunities, not equality of rich & poor

CONTRA:

• the thousands who don’t succed go unnoticed

• high quality schools are expensive

• limited chances to climb the career ladder

• many ethnic minorities fare less well

• pursuit of material things

• 1925 - 1965

• political activist

• a leader during the CRM

• his goal was to encourage black people to protect themselves

• wanted a seperate nation just for black people

• his beliefs were influenced by the Islam

• 206.1 million citizens

• has the largest population of Africa

• located on the western coast of Africa

• Nigeria is a diverse multi-ethnic country with more than 520 spoken languages

• Lagos is the country’s largest & most populous city with about 15 million inhabitants

• Nigeria has the largest economy in Africa due to its export market

• Nigeria was populated around 5000 BC

• the Portuguese slave trade to America began along Nigeria’s coast in 1500 AD

• 18th century:

  • slave ports were established especially around Lagos

  • British missionaries built schools & spread their Christian beliefs, language & culture

• 19th century:

  • the Fulani people started a holy war against the Hausa & created a separate Muslim empire & judicial system in the north

  • Nigeria’s ports & export of natural resources & agricultural goods came under the control of Britian’s Royal Niger Company

  • the whole country was under British control

  • a division between Muslim north & Christian south

  • constitutional developments began in the South

  • a legislative council ruled the South

  • it’s members were predominantly European

  • the legislative council ruled the whole country

  • now made up of more African than European members

  • Nigeria became a federation in 1947

  • nationalization of the oil industry

  • it remained dominated by British colonies

• 19th century:

  • Nigeria became independent from Britain on Oct. 1st in 1960

  • establishment as a Federal Republic in 1963

  • a military regime took power because ethnic tensions between Nigeria’s north & south could no longer be controlled

  • civil war; around 1 million people were killed

  • 5 political parties gained power

  • the regime adopted a programme of democratic reform

• 20th century:

  • the first legislative election since the end of military rule in 1999

  • Boko Haram has led a campaign of violence in the north-eastern regions of Nigeria

  • the Nigerian economy boomed

  • a time characterized by corruption, neglect of education, health, infrastructure & agriculture

  • many suicide bombings & kidnappings in the north-east

• the country facing several challenges

• violence caused by Boko Haram

• the country is still victim to frequent suicide bombings

• minority groups in the Niger Delta feel they are being exploited by foreign oil corporations

• violence between different ethnicities as well as instances of piracy, kidnappings & the bombing of oil pipes in Niger Delta

• oil has been discovered in 1956

• Nigeria depends on the oil industry

• oil has a huge influence on the stability of Nigeria’s economy

• a lot of the oil profit is made by British companies

• Niger Delta has a lot oil deposits

• problems:

  • negetive effects on the environment

  • bad working conditions

  • criminal gangs steel oil

  • only few already rich people benefit from the oil revenue

  • the poor population such as farmers are affected negatively

• Nigeria’s growing film industry

• 3rd biggest film industry worldwide

• started in the 1980s in Lagos

• they are producing about 2000 film a year

• the films tell Nigerian stories

• they have less material than other film industries

• academia & festivals were interested & spread the popularity

• it’s a voice for Nigerians & the Nigerian experience is presented

• an uneven distribution of power, money & natural resources

• a few people benefit from the economy & become wealthy

• the wealth gap is growing

• Nigeria spends little money on social measures

• poverty is a big problem in Nigeria

• most houses don’t have toilets, running water or electricity

• many people don’t have access to education, internet or medical treatments

• school attendance is compulsory for children aged 6 to 15

• poor educational infrastructure

• many different languages make one school system difficult

• a lot of private schools have fees

• the state doesn’t invest enough money in education

• in northern Nigeria: terrorism groups prohibit girls to visit schools

• girl’s participation in schooling is more likely affected by parents’ lack of interest

• poverty is a major factor for child labour

• low income for many hours of hard work

• boys tend to earn more

• direct result of Nigera’s extreme poverty

• for many families child labour is the major source of income

• families have no other options

• prevents them basic education

• children who work on the streets often make easy targets for violence & kidnapping

  
  

• ethno-religious rivalries

• domestic violence

• high crime rate

• police brutality

• Boko Haram

• money vanishment

• drug addiction

• child soldiers

• the government must fight the corruption & be consistent

• Nigerians must respect the different cultures & ethnicities

• they have to invest into infrastructure & education