random information

yes

1. diversity

2. LD (linkage disequilibriu,) —> also breaks down with physical distance

3. differentiation

Linkage disequilibrium

• non-random association of alleles at two or more loci

• Two homologous chromosomes in diploids (except

  in the gametes, which are haploid)

• Each chromosome has two (identical) sister

  chromatids

• Recombination:

  • Chromosomes exchange short segments

  • happens in the germline during meiosis.

is the large-scale study of proteins. The proteome  is the entire set of proteins that is produced or modified by an organsism or system at the time-point of sampling.

 is the study of small molecules, commonly known as metabolites, within cells, biofluids, tissues or organisms. Collectively, these small molecules and their interactions within a biological system are know as the metabolome.

– the systematic study of an organsism’s genome.

– the transcriptome is the total complement of ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcripts in a cell and consists of coding messenger and non-coding ribosomal, transfer, small nuclear, small interfering, micro and long-non-coding RNAs. Trancriptomics – is the analysis of mRNAs and provides direct insight into cell- and tissue-specific genen expression features.

Metaproteomics [complement of proteins synthesized by an organism/community of (micro)organisms present in an environmental sample] - not all proteins are detected

1. coverage per organism depends on the representation of that organism in the community

2. abundance of the protein in the cell

3. methodological factors (e.g. polarity)

the metaproteome informs about the proteins synthesized by a microbial community at the time of sampling

(ability of the

ecosystem to resist, recover and adapt to

climate change while maintaining ecosystem

functions and services; Holling 1973)

-

Protect critical habitat areas (ecologically

important e.g. fish spawning areas and

nesting sites and climate refugia)

-

Maintain connectivity (larval dispersal, mobile

species, links between different habitats)

-

Maintain ecosystem function

-

Reduce other stressors (e.g. fishing)

-

Use ecosystem based management

1. ecophysiology (ind. org.)

2. pop ecology

3. community ecology (interacting species)

4. ecosystem ecology (entire ecosystem: matter and energy fluxes)

5. biogeochemistry (entire earth at ecosystem)

• age: k stratege (biomass)

  • kelp

• size: (reproduction) r stratege —> growth rate

  • diatoms

Nt = No * (1+R)^t

• plant nutrients

• food items

• space availability

1. iteroparity

   1. sveral repr through life

   2. macroalgae, invertebrates, mar vertebrates

2. semelparity: one production, them death

   1. cephalopods, salmon

   2. relevant for matter fluxes

1. fecundity (nr of sperms produced)

2. growth

3. maintainance

4. defence/longevity

1. global sp pool

   1. translocation filter

2. introduced species pool

   1. dispersal filter

3. regional species pool

   1. abiotic filter

4. habitat sp pool

   1. biotic filter

biotic and abiotic = ecological niche

many dimensions of environmental factors

• high max growth rate or

• live on low resources (better competitor)

1. size interval in terestrial much shorter (in water higher length distrb)

2. smaller differences and no size trend in terrestrial (big and small herbivores)

3. water: consumer feed over prey —> increasing size (exc. wales, parasites)

• ML

• jelly food chain

• not only predator/prey—> parasitism mixotrophy etc.

• up to 5TL in 1TL (pred/prey can range from 1:1 to 15:1)

1. length

2. stablity

3. food web s in food web

4. comlexity interactions beyond normal idea

1. amount of energy

2. longest position

3. shortest position

higher

• more TL because organisms tend to be smaller bc shows advantage to get more nutrients

• more smaller organisms, more TL

• more TL —> higher EE

—>

• high nutrients = less stepways and therefore lower EE

• —> explains the lower div. in higher productivity

1. gut content

2. quantitative pcr methods

3. stable isotope analysis

1. energy contraint hyp: declined

   1. low prod is not food chain shortening

2. ecosystem size hyp:

   1. larger org = higher TL —> lower metabolic rate and less energy uptake

3. productive space hyp: same size but more prod= more diverse

food —> storage

1. via growth t structure

2. via somatic maintenance to met. rate

3. via meturity m. to met. work

4. via repr maturation to gonads

1. pbs

2. ion regulation

uncoupling proteins: release protons into mt matrix without atp production

• avoid accumulation of O radicals

• generate heat (brown adipose tissue)

• —> activated by proton leak

• clauding

• occluding

—> activate ion transport to maintain ph

1. loops to control body temp (homeothermic animals—> loose or keep heat while opening pasage)

2. loop to maintain ph in cell: enzymatic reaction sensitiv eto ph change (glycolysis)

1. feedback loop

2. diffusion

3. compartimentalization of substances

4. buffering of atp conc via phosphagen systems

5. macromolecule repair

6. immune defense

7. detoxification of damaged macromolecules

8. signalling processes (hormonal, neural)

9. organic osmolyte regulation

1. adaptation (mutation, recomb, plastiticty/acclimatisation)

2. epigenetics ( modification of chrmatin/dna, also plasticity)

1. gene expression/pbs

2. enzyme activity

3. ultrastructural modification

4. heat and metabolic rates

1. inbreeding

2. assortative mating

3. migration

4. nat selection

5. pop structure

how much reduction is expected at heterozygosity (is relative to HW eq)

<Fis: broadcast spawning, plamctonic larvae

>Fis: brooders, internal fertilization, spermcastings

1. drift

2. selection

3. —> evolution

1. change in pop size

2. varriation in repr success

3. uneven breeding sex ratios

1. sweeptake repr system

2. population bias

3. fluctuation in pop size

4. selection

5. uneven breeding sex ratios

1. induce acclimatizatiob

2. modification of microbial symb communities

3. selective breeding

4. evolution of symbiondinium

• regional

  • —> immigration, sp sorting/speciation

  • <— extinction, dispersal

• local

  • —> dispersal

  • <— emigration, random ext., competition

  • —> and <— loc sp interactions, consumption pred.

• indirect:

  • conflicts

  • epidemics

  • demographic

  • economic etc

• direct

  • invasive sp

  • pollution

  • climate change

  • direct exploitation (trawl, hunt)

  • land/sea use change

1. genomics (genome)

2. transcriptomics (mRNA)

3. proteomics (all proteins ecpressed in tissue)

4. metabolomics (global metabolite system)

• labile:

  • minutes-days

  • 0.2 Gt

• semi-labile

  • weeks-months

  • 6 Gt

• semi-refractory

  • years-cent

  • 50 GT

• refractory:

  • cent-millenia

  • 660 Gt (anja 630)

• source

  • direct exudation

  • viral lysis

  • pom degradation

• sinks:

  • bacterial consumption/degradation

  • aggregation

• atlantic

  • low to moderate fuxes

  • high dissosolution rate due to low deep Si(OH)4

• pacific

  • low to high fluxes

  • low diss due to high deep sioh4

• southern ocean

  • high fluxes

  • high deep sioh4 allow opal presentation

1. weathering on land

2. transport on rivers

3. deposition in ocean

bacteria responsible for most of respiration (OC—>IC)

60% is <1µm

1. active biomass: 40-70% living C reservoir

2. —> production of living BM from dead BM (detritus,DOM)

3. diverting biomass to higher TL

• increses with incresing phyt prod

• decrease with increasing C:N ratios of substrates

• varies with comm structure

• determined by processes like catabolism, anabolism, atp storage

• profitable for free living cell

• take up large oligomers which are then degraded in periplasmatic space = minimizing hydrolysate loss

1. gravitational pump

   1. sinking speed of different org:

2. mesopelagic migrant pump —> diel vertical migration

   1. avoidance of optically oriented predators

   2. phys constraints important (hypoxia tolerance)

   3. organism target certain isolumen (depth of light level)

3. flux attenuation

   1. microbial activity

   2. poliquetszooplankton feeding on aggregates

   3. particle fragmention

• cyclonic eddies: anticlockwise at NH

  • sea level depression and uplifting of isopicnals

  • upwelling leads ti more productiveness

  • less srable than anticyclonic

  • b

• bsp: peoebicus sp. home at AMCE bc of O2 anomally there

nr of species </= number of resources

many dfferent phyt sp coexist —> eddies might be the answer

1. light (sensor of day length)

2. changes in metabolic rate

1. level of ubiquinated proteins

   1. ub proteasome pathways rids cell of denatured proteins

   2. use ub to conjugate spec antibodies

2. level of HSP

   1. rescue proteins

1. native protein unfolding

Ub:

1. toxic aggregation

2. ubiquination

3. proteolysis

HSP

1. HSP70 binds hydrophobic regions

2. protein recovery

1. acquisition

2. working phase

3. interference phase

1. use omnivorous fish

2. use lower TL (farming down food chain) —> mariculture —> alleviates coastal eutrophication

• stage 0: source region

  • filter: uptake (propagle pressure, physio-chemical tolerance, biol interactions)

• stage 1 transportation

  • transport/release (55% ship ballast, 18% unknown

• stage 2: introduction

  • colonization/reproduction( same as first filter)

• stage 3: establishment

• intentional

  • food and games

  • garden ornamentation

  • biocontrol

• unntentional

  • aquaculture

  • planes

  • ships

1. increase MPA resilience

2. protokol climate refugua

3. protect future habitat

4. increase connectivity

5. increase heterogeneity

6. reduce other stressors: minimize cumulative impacts

7. other methods: dynamic MPAs

1. sedimentation of org particles

2. roots/rhizomes/dead leaves of seagrass = OC persistence for centuries in anoxic sediments

1. nutrient pollution

2. warming

1. single shooting technique

2. enemy free space

3. seed based methods/restauration

1. fisheries

2. water quality

3. reduction of harmfull bacteria

4. biodiversity

5. coastal protection

• upscaling from ha to sqkm

• enhance thermal tolerance

• enhance public awareness

• increase MPA to 30%

• enable assisted migration/assisted evolution