• High Population Density

• Diverse Economic & Cultural activities

• Complex infrastructure, including transportation, communication, & utility systems

• Significant levels of social & economic differentiation

• Public & private spaces (Recreational activities)

• Social & Cultural Diversity

• Concentration of political & economic power

• A Significant impact on the natural environment, including air & water pollution, deforestation, & climate change

• History of Growth & Change over time, often reflecting broader social, economic, & technological trends

refer to the wide range of social & economic classes that exist within urban areas

• Disparities in income, education & employment opportunities

• Differences in access to basic services: health care, transportation, & affordable housing

Social & Economic differentiation can also be reflected in the physical structure of the city

=> different neighborhoods often having distinct architectural styles & cultural identities

can have impact on the quality of life of urban residents

• can contribute to social & economic inequalities within society as a whole

• Can reflect the social & cultural identity of a city

  • with distinctive architectural styles & public spaces that reflect the city’s history & culture

  • Impact on the puality of life of its residents, environmental sustainability & economic vitality

• Residental Buildings (apartments, townhouses, & single-family homes)

• Commercial Buildings (offices, stores, ect…)

• Industrial Buildings (factories & warehouses)

• Public Spaces

• Transportation infrastructure (highways, public transit systems, ect…)

• Cultural & Historic Landmarks

• Educational Institutions

• Healthcare facilities

• Religious Buildings

• Sports & entertainment venues