Etiology

Herpesviruses

• Human herpesvirus 1 (herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-1), Human herpesvirus 2 (herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2): herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE)

• Human herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster virus, VZV): herpes zoster encephalitis

• Cytomegalovirus (CMV): CMV encephalitis (most common in immunocompromised or HIV-positive individuals)

• Human herpesvirus 4 (Ebstein-Barr virus): EBV encephalitis (most common in immunocompromised individuals)

Mosquito-borne viruses

• West Nile virus (WNV): West Nile encephalitis

• Murray Valley encephalitis virus: Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE)

• Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV): Japanese encephalitis

• Saint Louis encephalitis virus: St. Louis encephalitis

• Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV): tick-borne encephalitis

• California encephalitis orthobunyavirus: California encephalitis

• Western equine encephalitis virus: Western equine encephalitis

• Eastern equine encephalitis virus: Eastern equine encephalitis

• La Crosse encephalitis virus: La Crosse encephalitis

Other

• Enteroviruses: enteroviral encephalitis (EVE)

• Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV): HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND)

• Measles morbillivirus (measles virus): encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

• Rabies lyssavirus (rabies virus): encephalitic rabies

Treponema pallidum: neurosyphilis

Borrelia burgdorferi: neuroborreliosis

Listeria monocytogenes: listeria encephalitis

Rickettsia rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)

Ehrlichia: ehrlichiosis