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-> first newspaper 1785: the TIMES

-> offices are traditionally located in Fleet Street, London

1. Quality papers = broadsheets

   -> larger format

   -> Times, Daily Telegraph, Guardian, Independent

2. Popular papers

   -> directed towards a mass readership

   -> rely on eye-catching layouts, sensational headlines, articles that can be read easily

   -> tabloids, e.g. Sun, Daily Mirror, Daily Sun

3. Sunday papers

   -> very influential

   -> quality Sunday papers

   -> popular Sunday papers

-> very few national papers -> Wall Street Journal, USA Today

-> regional newspapers dominate the market -> New York Times, Washington Post

-> no distinction between popular and quality papers

-> news magazines = most important national print media -> TIME, Newsweek

In the 20th century (newspaper)

• TV as one of the most important inventions

  -> source of news & information

  -> entertainment: dramas/ soaps/ sitcoms

Changing face of the media:

• creates opportunities to become actively involved => user generation

  -> social media (posts, stories)

Advertising:

1. special costumised advertisements through social media

2. Covert advertising

   -> Infotisement: seems to be written by experts; provides readers with news and infos

   -> Advertainment: combines entertainment e.g. short films

Social media & politics

• important as a forum for politics and political activism

  -> politicians can reach younger voters

  -> find out how people respond to ideas

• People can draw attention to politically charged situations

  -> share stories of non-democratic processes when journalists are banned e.g. in Iran

Analysing of ads:

• Organisation/ brand; Arrangement of elements; What is the viewer’s eye drawn to; Picture and text; Similarity between text and logo; What kind of shot is used; Color; How is white space used; Language; Message of the add; Target group

-> Victorian Britain (1837-1901)

• ruled by Queen Victoria (conservative)

• Traditions, values, puratism and prudery were very important

• Society was splitted: The Aristochratics, aspiring bourgeoisie, under class

• Developments: Industrial Revolution, Charles Darwin - theory of evolution, Charles Dickens - critisized society and life

Comedy of manners:

• amusement created through current fads

• Presentation of recognized social types -> nouveau riche, gossip, social climber, …

• Pleasure for the audience derives from the wit & sparkle of the dialogue and portrayed habits

• suggests better modes of behavior

Parallelism:

• between 2 persons

  1. Algernon & Jack: alter egos + want to get away from their responsibilities

  2. Gwendolyn & Cecily: in love with the name Earnest, keep diaries

  => ideas are repeated/ reused at various stages -> persons could be swapped

Elegant inversion:

• in the Victorian world the society was made up of binary divisions -> control of class/ moral/ society

  -> Public sphere (politics/ government, domain of men) vs. Private sphere (home, domain of women)

  -> clear distinction between good/ bad and moral/ immoral

  => Oscar Wilde challenges these binary divisions

  how?

  -> by turning things completely on their heads

  Effect?

  -> Oscar Wilde subverts Victorian binary opposition

  
  

Drama

-> 19th century

-> critisized society

-> 3-act-play

1. Poor laws = came into affect in 1834 and were meant to keep the country’s social spending as low as possible; it was supposed to show the world that the country cares for the poor; people had in reality the option to starve slowly in the workhouse or quickly outside

2. One sidedness of the legal system = in favor of higher class; lower classes opinions were less recognized and they were quickly seen as criminals; poor and rich were differently treated in court

3. Child labor = linked to poverty -> resulted in the fact that children had to work at young age to help their family; many children at Victorian Age were affected; hard and dangerous circumstances

4. Money and materialism

5. Charity and love

6. Courage and cowardice

7. Best and worst shades of our common nature

8. Woman as nurturer

9. Hypocrisy

• lived from 1812 to 1870 (time of the Industrial Revolution)

• Victorian writer

• Born in a poor family -> had to work to help his family at the age of 11

• Got a job as a stenographer at the age of 15, later on he began to publish newspaper articles

• First well-known work in 1836 (Oliver Twist 1837)

• Achieved social and financial breakthrough

• Managed to restructure the society in parts

• With ongoing age he withdrew from the “disgusting” world and died of an attack of weakness in 1870

published in 1837 by Charles Dickens

• Oliver Twist, an orphan boy, grows up in a workhouse

• There he is very soon thrown out and goes alone to London

• In London he is taken in by the man Fagin, Oliver has to steal for him

• One day the police catches him, but the man Mr. Brownlow rescues him and takes him to house

• Fagin gets angry and kidnaps Oliver

• During the ongoing plot, Oliver has to live through many more misfortunes

• In the end, it turns out that he has inherited a lot of money

• With Mr. Brownlow’s help, he can leave Fagin, gets the money and lives with Mr. Brownlow

Industrial Revolution

• began in the second half of the 18th century

• Positive aspects: brought up important inventions, large industrial cities the economy boomed, textilste were produced faster and cheaper

• Housing conditions: people were living in insufficient space, population density grew -> increasing poor hygiene & falling life expectancy

• Working conditions: poor payment, overwork, exhaustion, lack of qualifications, accidents, shortened lives, no insurances

• Child labor: dangerous tasks, higher in demand -> cheaper, became ill -> no hope for a better future