12 2

• science tries to describe and explain phenomena of the natural world to make predictions

  -> based on facts & evidence

• applied science: research to new inventions

  -> to develop technologies fo solving problems

  -> Advocates: associate progress with efficiency

  -> critics: process may produce pollutants & destroy ressources

• new demand of sustainability on account of population growth

• todays most important & controversial developments

  -> internet technologies = revolutionised communication; transfer of data; access to information but loss of privacy -> surveillance

  -> genetic engineering -> enables people to cure diseases, genetic modified food helps reducing malnutrition

  -> artificial intelligence & robotics = makes life easier e.g. driverless cars, robotics, drones

  -> nanotechnology

  -> neuroscience (about the nervous system and the brains behaviour what leads to the question if we have a free will)

• Utopia describes an imaginary perfect society set in a distant place or the future

  -> positively seen

  -> anxiety about developments and worldwars

• Distopia = pessimistic visions of future societies

  -> famous: George Orwells “Nineteen Eighty-Four” 1949

  -> aim to implicitly criticise negative tendencies in contemporary societies

  -> today: focus on environmental disasters/ surveillance e.g. Hunger Games, The Circle (Dave Eggers)

• deals with scientific advances their effects on society & private life

• predicts believable future developments from trends & science

• mixes advanced technology, aliens & action plots (e.g. invasion)

• fantasy: focuses on magic/ provides distinction between good and evil (Harry Potter)

-> features of an organism

-> chromosomes (are made of DNA)

-> DNA carries all genetic information -> genetic code

-> genetic engineering -> bacteria & food

-> system stell research -> cloning (therapeutic = organs & reproductive cloning e.g. Dolly the sheep 1996)

• Before:

  War of the Roses 1455-1485

  -> only 12 noble families survived

  -> at the end began the Tudor period Hery VIII

  Act of Supremacy 1534

• 1558-1603: reign of Elizabeth I

• Elizabethan Age = Golden Age

• Poetic, music and literature + science bloomed

• most famous for its theatre -> important form of entertainment; 1576 Londons first permanent theatre opened (origin in Italy)

• centralised, well-organised and effective government

• poor but changing country (capitalism)

• London became a cultural & commercial centre

• 1580 Sir Francis Drake sailed around the world

• 1585 first colonies & great naval power

  
  

-> goes back to Greek thinkers 400 B.C.

-> universe is made of 4 elements/ human body consists of 4 fluids

-> even blend of 4 humours -> perfect temperament - imbalance affects humans health & person

1. Blood = Sanguine type: contended and unpredictable; liver; air; spring (e.g. Juliet)

2. Yellow Bile = Choleric: energetic, violent and aggresive; spleen; fire; summer (e.g. Tybalt)

3. Phlegm = Phlegmatic: calm, lazy and cowardly; brain; water; autumn (e.g. Benvolio)

4. Black bile = Melancholic: creative, melancholic and sentimental; gall bladder; earth; winter (e.g. Romeo)

-> London 1567

• little/ no scenery, only a few probs -> language to tell the audience about the setting/ characters

• men/ boys played women’s roles

• rich costumes, special effects (e.g. trap door)

• during the day because of missing electricity - started at 2 pm

• globe theatre = round and open to the sky -> light

• richer members were seated on stage/ in the galleries

• poor people: ground (no protection)

• a lot of interaction between the audience and actors

• pantomime & expressive mime

• no curtains betweens acts and scenes

  -> prologue at the beginning

  -> chorus between the acts

  -> rhyming couplet at the end of the Sonnet indicating change of secene

I Exposition

-> Intro of characters and settings

II Rising action

-> conflict developes

III Climax is build up

-> turning point

IV Falling action

-> conflict is explained

V Denouement

-> conflict is solved

= Italian Sonnet

• 14 lines:

  • Octave: abba abba (embracing rhyme)

  • Sestet: cdc dcd (cross rhyme)

• William Wordsworth (1770-1850)

  = one of the leading poets of English Romanticism

  -> Main themes: nature, English countryside, (childhood) memory, place of the Individual within the world

• “Composed upon Westminster Bridge” (1802)

  -> poet describes an experience he had when he was crossing W.B. early in the morning

  -> impressions of the beauty of the city in the octave, his reactions in the sestet

  -> Romantic interest in the natural world

  -> simile, metaphors, hyperboles, personifications

= English Sonnet

• 14 lines:

  • 3 quatrains: abab cdcd efef (cross rhymes) -> problem is established

  • 1 couplet: gg (pair rhyme) -> problem is solved

• 154 sonnets, published 1906

• 3 recurring characters = real world refers

  -> fair lord

  -> dark lady

  -> rival poet

• Sonnet 130: Shakespeare compares his love to the ideal of beauty of the time

• Achievement:

  -> overstep those boundaries of Petrarchan Sonnets & was open to new and more modern topics

  -> criticises fake ideals and makes poetry/ topics more realistic (irony, humour)

= Shakespearean Sonnet

• 3 quatrains

  • can be linked together through content

  • often there’s a turn in the course of the argument after the 2nd quatrain

• rhyming couplet

  • often provides an opportunity

  • to sum up the argument of the poem with an epigram

-> function: foreshadowing coming events

-> Verona, tragedy love, hate between two families, only the death of the children can remove the hate

• mediates the fleeting nature of beauty and youth

• how the writer uses his pen and poetic intellect to preserve his friend’s beauty in his verses by defeating the devouring force of time

• representative of natural world - time effects nature and men

• Content:

  -> ravages of nature of time

  -> poet wants time to leave his friend’s beauty unchangeable

  -> he desires for sth that is impossible

  -> finds another way to make his friend mortal - immortality as the subject of his poems

  -> poetry is eternal and his friend’s beauty will always shine in his verses

• Stylistic devices:

  -> Imagery = readers perceive things involving their 5 senses

  -> Metaphor = implied comparison between objects that are different in nature; time is used as an extended metaphor to show how it transforms physical objects ruthlessly