Lecture 2

The study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives; biologically compounds of the living organisms

The study that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms

It is the central of science

• German

• Synthesis of Urea

• German physiologist

• Coined the term ENZYME

• Discovery of INSULIN

Discovery that DNA carried hereditary information

First to isolate an enzyme in crystallized form and to show that enzyme is a protein

Coined the word “BIOCHEMISTRY'“

Discovery of the double helical structure of DNA

Also known as CARBAMIDE

It proves that organic compounds can be created atificially; waste product; it is the end product of protein metabolism

Protein usually made up of?

Commonly found in urine

It is the hormone that decrease the glucose

Alcohols; composedd of oxygen covalently bonded to one hydrogen

[Eg. Ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol/ isopropanol]

The oxygen bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups; used as a solvent and inhalable anesthetic

[Eg. Diethyl]

• Acid is heated with alcohol

• Derived from from parent alcohol and parent acid

• Synthesized from condensation of carboxylic acid with an alcohol

• Carbon bonded with 3 atoms (2 oxygen atoms) -> 1 double bonded, 1 alkoxyl group, 1 aryl group

• Eg. Ethyl acetate

Am

• Nitrogen atom is bonded to a carbonyl carbon atom

• “R” represent either hydrogen atom or organic combining group such as methyl

• Eg. Sulfonamide, acetamide

• Chemical mediator

• Associated with allergies and basophil

Catecholamine neurotransmitters

Antibiotic

Both a solvent and a stabilizer

These are the classes of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group [carbon double bonded to oxygen]

• Oxygen atom joined to a carbon atom by a double bond

• Not contain a hydrogen atom

• Carbonyl group bonded to two carbons

• eg. Acetone, ketoses (sugar), testosterone (hormone)

• Contains carbonyl group with central carbon bonded to a hydrogen and R group [R-CHO]

• Eg. Formaldehyde (formalin), benzaldehyde

• Thiols

• Has the presence of sulfur atom

• Similar to alcohol and phenols but it contains S instead of O

• Traditionally referred to as MERCEPTANS

• Sulfer bonded to hydrogen

• Eg. Methanethoil, ethanethiol, coenzyme A, glutathione

• Central C bound to O and OH

• Eg. Methanoic acid, athenoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, carboxylic acid (found in acetic acid)

• Hydrocarbons having a one carbon-to-carbon double bond (C=C)

• Also referred to as OLEFINS

• Eg. Ethene

Gas that serves as a cellular signal in fruits to stimulate ripening

• Phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (3 single bonds and 1 double bond)

• Has the presence of phosphorus atoms

• Eg. ATP, NADP

• Energy rich molecules

• Important in the structural component of nucleotides which are the DNA and RNA

Most important elementsC,

It can form many different kinds of bonds and form essential compounds

Has 1 electron, 1 proton, and no neutron; simplest element in the universe

P or E: Molecules surrounded by a membrane and a cell wallPro

E

P or E: Bacteria and Archaea

P or E: Plant, fungi, amoeba and Yeast, Animal cells

P or E: Unicellular, has no true nucleus, no mitochondria, no specialized organelles

P or E: Multicellular, has a true nucleus, complex structures, and specialized organelles

Total DNA of the cell

Individual hereditary units

Cell that is larger than prokaryotes

Takes into account the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

P

It has nucleus

Cell membrane (plasma membrane) is present to both prokaryote and eukaryote. True or false?

Site of cellular respiration for prokaryote

Its site of cellular respiration is mitochondria

Its chromosomes are single circular

Its chromosomes are paired linear

Its chromosome location is in nucleoid

Its chromosome location is in nucleus

Ribosomes are only present in prokaryote. True or false?

Prokaryote has chloroplasts. True or false?

It has the presence of chloroplast in plants

• Found in green plants and green algae

• Convert the light energy into chemical

• Location of main genome; site of most DNA and RNA synthesis

• Production of two daughter cells of the DNA replication

• RNA synthesis into a protein

• Site of energy-yielding redox reactions

• Has its own DNA

• Powerhouse and energy production for cell survival and function

• Continuous membrane throughout the cell

• Green plants and algae

• Series of flattened membranes

• Involved in secretion of proteins from cells and in reactions that link sugars to other cellular components

Where we can find ribosomes (site of protein synthesis)

• Secretion of proteins from cells and in reactions that link sugars to other cellular components

• Responsible for the production and secretion of steroid hormones.

• Responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates.

Packaging, processing, and modifying of proteins and lipids for secretion

• Membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes

• Digets waste products

• Sacs that contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide

• Oxidation of special biomolecules

• Separates the cell contents from the outside world

• Its contents include the organelles which is held in place by the cytoskeleton and cytosol

Associated with the structure of the cell

Fluid; between cell membrane and organelles; aids in the movement of different materials in the cell

• Rigid exterior

• Protection

• Membrane enclosed sac (plant cells)

• Contains water and dissolved substances

• Function:

  -> Storage of salt, minerals, proteins, nutrients, and even pigments

  -> Helps in the growth of the cell

  -> Plays an important structural role in terms of the plants

• Processes that release energy are favored

• The study of the relations between heat, work, temperature, and energy

The means by which a living organism obtains the energy and nutrients it needs to live and reproduce

• Synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances from simpler ones together with the storage of energy

• Process of “BUILDING UP”

• Breakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with releae of energy

• Process of “BREAKING DOWN”

• Anaerobic process of energy generation

• Does not involve oxygen

• End products: lactate, butyrate, ethanol, and acetoin

• Aerobic process of energy production

• Involves oxygen

• End products: CO2 and Water

• Major pathway to convert glucose to pyruvate

• Also known as Glycolytic pathway

Alternatives to the convertion of glucose to pyruvate

For the synthesis of nucleotides

Conversion of glucose-6-PO4 to glyceraldehyde-3-PO4 and pyruvic acid

It has two products: ethanol and lactic acid

It is involve to lactic acid bacteria that has ability to be converted to lactic acid

Its meaning is only ONE PRODUCT

Yeast -> Ethanol

Pyruvate + NADH <-> Lactic acid + NAD

Lactobacillus -> mixed acids

Water, proteins, minerals, and ions are inorganic biochemical system, except?

What are the simple organic molecules?

• Interesting substance with a chemical makeup which gives it unique physical characteristics

• It can solid, liquid, or gas

• It is less dense as ice compared to its liquid form

• 100 C and 0 C

• It is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree celsius

• 1 calorie/gm C = 4.186 J/gm C

• Reason why water serves as a coolant for the radiator of automobiles

• Amount of heat energy that we need in order to be able to change one gram of water into gas

• 540 cal/g at 100 C

• It has ability to maintain its temperature

• water creates slightly positive charge on hydrogen and a slightly negative charge on oxygen, contributing to water’s properties of attraction

• It is the reason why water is the universal solvent

• It is the property of water that can lead it to stick to itself and other molecules

• It gives the property of water: cohesion and surface tension

Ability to bind to itself; reason why some insects can walk on top of water

It is when water moleculs is binding to other molecule; electronegative atoms [F, O, N]

• Ca, Cl, Mg, P, K, Na, and S

• Major minerals

• Large amounts are needed for the body

• Ar, Cu, Pb, Se, and Zn

• Some are essentials

• Most are metals

• The body just need a little amount of it but if it’s present, it could lead to health problems

• C6H12O6

• Watered cabon

• Primary energy source stored primarily as glycogen

• Cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form

  EXAMPLE:

• 3, 4, 5, 6 carbon atoms

• 5 carbon = pentose

• 6 carbon = hexose

• fructose = fruit sugar

• Formed by interaction of two monosaccharides

  EXAMPLE:

• Maltose = glucose + glucose

• Lactos = glucose + galactose

• Sucrose = glucose + fructose

• Linkage of many monosaccharides units

• EXAMPLE: Starch, glycogen

• Nonpolar; biological molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents

• COmpose of mostly carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds

• Defined by their physical properties or water solubility

• Fats and oils

• Polymers of fatty acids composed of long nonpolar hydrocarbon chain with small polar region containing the oxygen

• It is the classification of lipid that cannot be disintegrated into smaller molecules through hydrolysis

• It includes: cholesterol, prostaglandins

• It does not contain the ester group

• Comprises one or more ester groups

• Enabling it to undergo hydrolysis in the presence of base, acid, or enzymes

• It includes: Waxes, triglycerides, sphingolipids and phospholipids

• It contain 2 types of components (fatty acid and alcohol)

• Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols

• Ex: Fats & waxes

• It contain more than two components (fatty acids, alcohol, other ocmponents)

• Contains additional groups

• Ex: Phospholipids, glycolipids, & lipoprotein [contains lipids and protein, includes low density, high density, very low, and intermediate lipoprotein]

• CHONS polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

• Function: Growth, repair and maintenance of cell

• It is essential for structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs

• Building blocks of proteins joined together by the PEPTIDE BONDS; simplest compounds

• Organic compounds containing both amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)

Functions of proteins:

• Enzymes - _____________

• Hemoglobin - ____________

• Albumin - _____________

• Immunoglobulins - _______________

• Coagulation factors - ________________

• Store the genetic information and keep it readily accessible to the cell

• Pass down genetic information to offspring during reproduction

• Transcribes the genetic information into a form that is easy to understand and read by the cell

• Assist in protein synthesis

• Group of organic compounds essential for normal growth and functioning human body

• They perform hundreds of functions

• Required to enable night vision in humans

• It is for normal vision, embryonic development, and growth & immune response

• Ex: Retinol

• Formation of RNA

• Helps bones absorb calcium

• Ex: Ergocalciferol; Cholecalciferol

• Helps our bodies get rid of free radicals and assists in the formation of RBC

• Antioxidant - get rid of free radicals

• Ex: Tocopherol

• Synthesis of proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone metabolism

• Antihemorrhagic vitamin - for bleeding disorders

• Proteins involved in coagulation and bone metabolism

• Ex: Phytonadione; Menadione