alles

•made of plastic, covered with chemicals

•raw, unexposed footage–still photographs are registered

on the side of a film strip

rotates constantly

adjustment of the camera mechanism in order to control how much light strikes each frame of film passing through the aperture

rotation of the shutter and exposure combined create the frames

series of single frames; when projected onto a screen in quick succession, an illusion of movement is created

Individual rectangular photographs on a strip of motion picture film

Frames per second –speed of shutter/length of exposure

•16 fps for silent films, 24 fps for modern films

Refers to the size (width) of frames

Standard: 35mm

“The horse in motion”, 1878

•1sttime motion was captured spontaneously and simultaneously as it happened

Invented in 1890-91

•Motion picture camera with rapid intermittent film movement

• Exhibition device

• designed to be viewed individually in parlours

edisons film production studio in New jersey

Early motion picture camera developed in the late 19th century

• its a camera and a projector in one

• it establishes 16 fps for silent films

• it has an intermittent mechanism : it operates by using hand crack

• it allows outdoor shooting

it was the first indoor exhibition space for showing pictures in the US, Columbia, SOuth Carolina

• they charged 5- cents for admission

• Nickel- 5 cent coin, odeon - roofes over theatre its greek

•Distributes the film as it moves through the camera with the help of two wheels

•Weight and tension areredistributed; film doesn’t break as often

the basic element of filmmaking – a piece of film run through the camera, exposed and developed; an uninterrupted run of the camera; or an uninterrupted image on film

A unit of dramatic action that takes places in one location during a single time period

a section of motion picture in a single location & continious time made up of a series of shots, which are each a set of continious frames from individual cameras from varging angels

he simplest form of transition from one shot to another; in filmmaking (as opposed to video), the first shot is literally cut with a blade and taped to the second shot, which has been similarly trimmed

The process of splicing one shot to another; synonymous with cutting

•Melies; created with a Cinematograph-like camera/hand crank

•Hard cut?•Double exposure / multiple exposure

•Stop trick: appearance, disappearance and transformation

•Dissolve: a transition from one shot to another in which the first shot fades outwhile the second shot fades in, creating a superimpositionat the midway point

• Shot: series of frames that runs for an uninterrupted period of time

•Scene: a section of motion picturein a single location and continuous time made up of a series of shots which are each a set of continuous frames from individual cameras from varying angles

editing the alternates shots of two or more lines of action occurring in different places, usually simultaneously

•A technique of spatial discontinuity

•Achieved by cutting back and forth between shots of spatially unrelated spaces

•Viewer will understand clearly that the spaces are supposed to be separate and parallel

•Example: The great train robbery

•Double exposure, covering up a part that is not supposed to be seen

Its a filmmaking guideline for spatial relations between 2 characters on screen. It sets an imaginary axis (axis of action) between 2 characters or a character and an object. By keeping the camera on one side of the axis, the characters maintain the same left/ right relationship to each other, keeping the space of the scene orderly and easy to follow. Following the rule will establish orientation, Breaking it will disorient and signal unease.

an editing technique that records the interaction between 2 characters, usually a conversation, who are facing one another with one series of shots often taken over the shoulder of one character and another series of shots taken over the shoulder of the other character.

Note the so-called reverse shot is not actually taken from the truly opposite angle, bc. such an angle would violate the 180 system.

•Cutting back and forth between two ends of the axiswhile two characters are having a conversation

•Viewer assumes they are looking at each other

•Joining shots using a character’s viewas a way of how shots are linked•Includes eyes

•Doesn’t matter if the object or person is in the frameof shot or not

•Glance-object match: character looking at an object specifically (more specific term

a shot, usually involving a distant framing, that shows the spatial relations among the important figures, objects and setting in a scene.

o establishes the space of a scene and the context; appears at the beginning of a scene

o Also establishes the axis of action for 180° rule

exterior establishing shot: gives longer geographicalcontextx

a return to a view of an entire space after a series of closer shots following the establishing shot

o usually at the end of a scene,reconfirms the context and space of a scene

o comforts the viewer

o signals end of a scene

•combining two or more shots in terms of action; an action is shownin at least two perspectives

•typical process: action begins in 1stshot –hard cut –same action will continue in another shot

•camera is extremely far away from whatis being shot

•subject often takes up a very small space of the frame

•subject seems very small compared to its surroundings

•camera is far awayfrom what is being shot

•we can see the character’s full body

•can be usedto make the character feel small and isolated

•or can simply be a way to fit more subjects in the frame

•frames a character around the knees and up

•used for capturing emotionand bodylanguage, framing multiple subjects and to show character and setting

a framing in which the scale of the object is of moderate size; a human figure seen from waist up would fill most of the screen

•medium distance from the subject, more neutral than other shot distances

•shows characters in a way like how we interact with people

•typical composition:above waist, but below chest to above head

•often used for dialogue scenes, but also depict body languageand more of the setting

•frames subject from just above their head down to midwayon their torso

•used for a ‘neutral’shot option within standard coverage

•background around the subject is included

•often used when a scene needs to be covered with standard coverage,so it does not shock the viewer

-> a shot taken from a distance that reveals the human body from the head to just below the knees!

a framing in which the scale of the object shown is relatively large, most commonly a persons head seen from the neck up; or an object of a comparable size that fills most of the screen

•typically frames a character’s face or an object for detail

•intended to show greater detail to the viewer

•used to generate strong emotions, signal something important, show facial expressions

•frames a subjectin a specific isolated area

•to communicate tiny but importantdetails

•great tool for emphasis;very dramati

• a shot taken from the height of an average human being, so the camera appears to be looking straight at the characters and/ or objects being filmed

• most common camera height: same height as eyes of the characters in frame

•simulates standard human vision and thuspresent visual information through a familiar viewpoint

•dissolvesthe barrierbetweenviewer and story

•camera looks down on the character/subject from an elevated perspective

•typically used to diminish character

•camera positionedanywhere below the eye-line, pointing upward

•increase perceived height, make a hero seem powerful

when the camera tilts horizontal and/ or vertically

Short panning ortiltingmovements to adjust for the figure’s movement, keeping them onscreen or centered

Shot with framing that shifts to keep a moving figure onscreen

Change in framing accomplished by placing the camera above the subject and moving through the air in any direction

Simplest way of moving a camera: place it on a moving object

•From the 1960s onward: camera operatorcould carry camera while filming(hand-held camera)

•Used as a convention of realism: jerkiness of hand-held shots suggest anunmediated reality, a lack of intervention between camera and subject

•Apparatus which fits onto a camera operator’s body (via a vest): camera is mounted on this vest

•Effect:very smooth movement (opposed to hand-held camera’s shakiness

•Also called “dolly (shot)”(noun and verb)

•Mobile framing shotin which the camera moves forward, backward or laterally

•To follow an object or person

•Impression of movement (achieved througha kind of lens): camera itself does not move

•Shifting focal lengthof the lens to telephoto or from telephoto to wide angle

•Zoom lenses are also known as varifocal lenses

•Telephoto range: make space seem flatter

oZoomin: increasing lack of depth owing to the shiftfrom wide-angle range to telephoto range

•Wide-angle range: enhances sense of depth

oZoom out: begins in telephoto range and ends in wide-angle

•Camera itself is stationary

•Like moving your head but not your body–mobile framing

•reveals more space without itself moving from its fixedposition on the ground

• pan: pivots on its vertical axis from side to sode (SHort for panorama)

• tilt: tilts up and down (horizontal axis)

achieved by stopping the camera, things get changed around but some stay as they are, the camera starts moving again

• with this appearance, disappeareance or transition is achieved

one type is dissolve: shot 1 fades out while shot 2 fades in the middle of a dissolve both images are visible. He could achieve it by filming shot 1 a little longer, then rewinding the handcrack and the shooting shot 2 onto shot 1. Thus he used double exposure to achieve this kind of shot transition

a dark screen that gradually brightens as a shot appears

a shot gradually disappears as the screen darkens. occasionally, fade-outs brighten to pure white or to a color

Double exposure is a technique that combines two different exposures or images that are layered on top of each other. The image overlaid is less than full opacity so a bit of both images can be seen producing an almost ghost-like image. 

A similar technique, called a “multiple exposure,” is when you combine more than two exposures in a single image.

the exposure of more than one image on the same film strip or in the same shot

an eye-line match that occurs between a human being and the object he or she is supposed to be lookingat; for example: a woman looks offscreen left in the first shot, and the second shot is of a ringing telephone

editing the alternates shots of two or more lines of action occuring in differnet places, usually simultaneously

A push in shot is sometimes also referred to as a zoom in shot. The camera physically moves towards the subject in the film, getting closer to them and tightening in on the subject and the scene. This can also be done with certain lenses instead of moving the camera.

A push out shot is also called a pull back shot or a zoom out shot. The camera physically moves back, or a special lens does, from the subject. The push out is used to reveal a larger picture for the audience.

The term dolly refers to a wheeled cart, usually one that runs on rail tracks. A dolly shot refers to the camera movement when a camera is mounted on a dolly. In a dolly shot, the camera moves towards, away from, or alongside your subject, which can be an actor, location setting, product, etc. Because the camera dolly is mounted on rail tracks the movement is smooth and controlled – almost as if the camera is floating.

a camera support with wheels, used in making tracking shots

a camera movement achieved by pivoting the camera on a vertical axis, or up and down, with the camera remaining stationary on the ground, for example, a tilt could begin with the ground floor of a skyscraper and end with the top of the building

a camera movement achived by pivoting the camera on its horizontal axis, or from side to side; for example, a pan might begin with the left field bleachers at a baseball park and move horizontaally to the left, taking the cheering crows, until it gets to the press box to the right of home plate

The intended effect of the 180 rule is that it should create a visual consistency of linear space. Moreover it is used to make a scene seem more natural and more like a real-life movement. By imaging a line so-called axis of action this effect can be created. It is important that all camereas are only on one side of the axis of action. In this area, the cameras can be placed anywhere.

One type of shot transition by Melies is the ‘Dissolve’. During the transition one shot fades out while the next one fades in. During the dissolve both pictures can be seen.

The Lumiers brother with the Cinematogrpah (camera & projector in one)

Its called a medium shot

The camera movement is called tilting. The camera is positioned on a tripod

The Cinematograph

The effect is calles "`Stop-trick’

Frames per second (FPS)

high-angle shot

Refraiming

Frame

A horizontal tracking shot

Zooming in

in general: Zoom out/in

shot reverse shot (editing)