Bili 1

Diffusion is the process by which molecules or particles spread from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, resulting in a more even distribution. It plays a crucial role in various biological, chemical, and physical phenomena.

This process is passive which means that there is no intentional movement. The molecules randomly move and bump into each other, which results in them spreading and is called the net- movement. It also requires no energy.

1.Concentration gradient

2.Temperature

3.Surface area

4.the distance moved

5.barrier

Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion where water molecules move through a semipermeable barrier like a cell membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Hypertonic: the outside solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration on the inside of a cell resulting in the shrinking of the cell by losing all of its water.

Isotonic: the outside solute concentration is the same as the solute concentration of the inside of a cell resulting in the cell staying in it’s normal size.

Hypotonic: the outside solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration of the inside of a cell resulting in the cell expanding over it’s natural size by absorbing more water

The mayor differences include the presence of a cell wall, chloroplast and a large central vacuole in plant cells while animal cells lack in al these structures.

1. Cell membrane: outer boundary of the cell that regulates what enters and exits the cell

2. Nucleus: contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls certain cell activities

3. rough endoplasmatic reticulum: involved in the synthesis of proteins and phospholipids

4. mitochondrion: the power house of the cells, restaurant for the metabolism of the cell

5. Lyosome: contain and transport enzymes that break down waste

6. Vacuole: storage

7. Centrioles: take part in cell division

8. Golgi apparatus: Modifies, stores and packages proteins, also tags them so they reach their destination

9. Ribosome: protein Synthesis

10. Cytoplasm: a fluid made out of water and solute inside the cell that also contains al the structures

1. Cell wall: semi-rigid outer layer that provides structural support

2. Cytoplasm: a fluid made out of water and solute that also contains al the structures

3. Chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll

4. Large central Vakuole: stores water, nutrients and waste

5. Golgi apparatus: Processes and packendes substances

6. Ribosome: protein synthesis

7. Nucleus : contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls centain activities

8. Endoplasmatic reticulum: involved in synthesis of molecules

9. Mitochondrion: power house of the cell

10. Plasma membrane

11. Starch granole: carbohydrates storage

1. Phospholipid bilayer: they form the basic strucal framework with hydrophilic and hydrophobic heads, creating a semipermeable barrier

2. Gylcolipids: play a role in cell signaling and recognition

3. Cholesterol: regulate the membrane constancy

4. Channel protein: enable the facilitated diffusion of water soluble molecules through the membrane

5. Carrier protein:permit the passage of specific molecules by active transport

6. Integral proteins: span the membrane and are involved in transportation of molecules across the membrane

7. Glycoproteins: crucial in cell signaling, Immun response and cell recognition