Kap 5 Transport

• Road based transport

  On trucks – for smaller volumes, to filling stations• Steel tanks, composite tanks or containers on trucks• For distances up to 300 km →compressed H2 on truck• 20 feet (6m) container has about 400 kg H2• Either loading/unloading the tanks from the truck, or bunkering/filling directly from the truck (only for compressed)

  For larger volumes and longer distances-tankers• Preferably for liquid H2• Cryogenic tankers can take up to 4000 kgliquid H2• Requires dispensing unit including compressor for bunkering → technically demanding, currently no good technical solutions for this• Will always be a fraction left after emptying-“heel”. Can be close to ~10 %

• sea transport

  For larger quantities of hydrogen, transport by ship is a realistic alternative to pipelines• Containers on ships or tankers• Most relevant for liquid hydrogen• Can also carry containers (20 feet or 40 feet (6 oder 12m)) with CGH2:o 20 feet: 450 kg CGH2 at 350 baro 40 feet: 900 kg CGH2 at 350 bar• Today, there is one pilot-ship for hydrogentransport • Bunkering/transferring directly from ships is demanding• Must have dispensing solution including compressor for bunkering -> technicallydemanding, currently no available good technological solutions for ships• Return of empty ship, possibly return of temporary hydrogen carrier? → Logistically challenging

• train

  • Freight by train is not much researched• Possibility to transport CGH2 in 20 feet containers on train• Bunkering hydrogen requires distance to rail toavoid sparks from contact wires that can ignite hydrogen• In Sweden- 15 meter security distance o Containers have to be removed prior tobunkering• Can be safety risk in railway tunnels if the highest point in the tunnel is higher than both entrances → hydrogen assembles at the highest point

• pipelines

  • Today there are only 5000 km hydrogen pipelines in the world (USA, Belgium, Germany,France, Netherlands). Operated by the hydrogen producing companies.• Used for tansport long distances > 1000-4000 km, and large volumes (export).• Pure hydrogen or mixed in natural gas.• Only possible for compressed hydrogen (not liquid). Below 100 bar.• Especially important that welded connections in pipelines have no defects. Inspected byx-rays.• Pipelines have high capital costs, low operating costs, and a lifetime of 40-80 years

possible, but not nentable to cool down the whole pipe

yes but must be qualified checked

• higher requirement for the pipeline

• special welds

• hydrogen embrittlement

  
  

liquid hydrogen:

+: long distance, not toxic

-: high energy consumption, cooling needed

Ammonia:

+: long distance, hinger volumetric density, ships can be used

-: greater genergy consumption, toxic

LOHC/FOBH:

+: long distance, not explosive, not toxic, ships can be used

-: heavy weight

• dinstances

• volumes

• weight

3 filling stations and no bunkering for ships

customers

increased volume

• goverment requiremets must be clarified

• bc of the steel grads, there is lower pressure unsed which used to lower quantities of H2- transportation