What syntactic units are there?
sentences
clauses
phrases
words
morphemes
What are implications for an indirect object?
multiple objects (usually one direct and one indirect
almost always animate (not a thing)
occures before direct object
Wem?
What are implications for a direct object?
only one object
usually inanimate (a thing)
occures after indirect object
“Wen oder was?”
What is a complement?
directly refers to subject or object
can often be replaced by “is” / “was”
-> Tom seems tired.
-> Tom is tired.
C can never become S when forming the passive
What is the basic structure of a phrase?
What is the difference between Full, Modal and Primary verbs?
can occur on their own
we can form past tense / 3rd person / -ing form
no “s” or “ing” forms
do, have, be
Which word classes are there?
open class: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, full verbs, copular verbs (be, seem, become etc.)
closed inventory: primary verbs (be, have, do), modal verbs, determiners (the, a, several, some), pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions
additional classes: numerals and interjections
words of unique function: negative particle (not) and infinitive marker (to)
syntactic function?
What is said in chapter 6 is irrelevant.
S
(subject)
They now deny that a mistake has been made.
I don’t know who you are.
Od, finite
(direct object)
I will arrange for father to sign the documents.
Od, non-finite
You may go wherever you like.
Ap, finite
(adverb place)
What is the “valency theory”?
= grammatical theory that focuses on the verb as its center
What clause type is
They are sleeping.
?
SV
subject verb clause
I am tired.
SVC(s)
subject verb complement clause
She is at home.
SVA
subject verb adverbial clause
You love her.
SVO(d)
subject - verb - direct object
We sent them a letter.
SVO(i)O(d)
subject - verb - object - object
I find her attractive.
SVO(d)C(o)
subject - verb - object - object complement
They sent him home.
SVO(d)A
subject - verb - object - adverbial
Identifying direct and indirect objects:
Mary asked Suzie a question.
Suzie = indirect object
a question = direct object
My mom baked my older brother a cake for his birthday.
my older brother = indirect object
a cake for his birthday = direct object
Peter brought his science books to his friend.
his science books = direct object
to his friend = indirect object
Identifying:
syntactic functions
the phrase through which they are realized
constituents within the phrase
word classes
Haley cried.
subject - verb
noun phrase - verb phrase
head - main verb
prop. noun - full verb
Carla took a gun.
S - v - O(d)
NP - VP - NP
head - m.v. - dtm. head
prop. n. - f.v. - det. noun
The
boy
in
the
suit
is
sometimes
very
mean.
S — NP — dtm — det ——————————————————The
head — noun ————————————————boy
postmod — PP — preposition —————————in
prep. comlement — NP — dtm — det — the
head — noun — suit
V — VP — main verb — primary verb ———————————- is
A — AdvP — head — adverb ———————————sometimes
Cs — AdjP — premod — adverb ————————————- very
head — adjective ————————————-mean
phrase
“Haley cried.”
Haley: S, NP, head, prop. noun
cried: V, VP, main verb, full verb
“Timo died a millionaire.”
Timo: S - NP - head - prop. noun
died: V - VP - main verb - full verb
a millionaire: Cs - NP - dtm head - det noun
What are examples for determiners?
-> the, a, some, much, all, my, another …
Last changeda year ago
