Identify the structures and functions of upper/lower respiratory tract and diaphrag?
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose/nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx (voice box)
Lower Respiratory Tract
Trachea
Bronchi (left/right)
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm & Intercostals
Uper respotory trac
Nasal cavities
Two nostrils separated by cartilage and bone
Contain hair follicles to block dust, debris
Secretes mucus to moisten air & trap particles (allergens/pathogens)
Blood supply in sinuses contains high # of WBCs
Space connecting the nasal cavity and the larynx
Food and air cross paths here
Uper respiratory trac
Glottis
Opening between trachea is called the glottis
Epiglottis covers glottis during swallowing
Larynx
Top of the trachea
Can see it externally (Adam’s apple)
Houses the voice box (vocal cords)
Vocal cords = 2 tendons that vibrate as Exhaled air passes through them
Lower respiratory tract
Big tube in our neck leading to the lungs
Has C-shaped rings made of cartilage → Why?
Branches off into 2 bronchi (which lead to the lungs)
Contains cilia to brush debris up and out
Mucus moistens the air
Referred to as the windpipe
lower respiratory tract
Bronchi
Branch off from the trachea and lead to the left and right lung
Similar structure to the trachea
bronchioles
Smaller branches of the bronchi
No longer have cartilage (elastic fibers)
Smaller and thinner than the bronchi
Bronchioles end at Alveoli
What is The Alveoli?
Millions of small air sacs at the end of bronchioles
Site of gas exchange with the blood
Covered in pulmonary capillaries
HIGH # maximizes surface area
What type of blood is in the pulmonary artery?
What type of blood is in the Pulmonary vein?Millions of small air sacs at the end of bronchioles
What is the diaphragm?
Dome-shaped Muscle dividing thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity (below ribs)
Bowed up when relaxed & flattens when contracts
Contracts and relaxes to draw air in (inhalation/inspiration) or blow air out (exhalation/expiration)
What are the intercostal mucles?
Muscles between ribs
Assist in breathing
What is the pathway of air.
Nostrils/nasal cavity
Bloodstream
What is the ployna and which two layers has it.
Its a membrane that protects the lung.
Parietal Pleura
Connected to rib cage and diaphragm
Visceral Pleura
Connected to lungs
Pleural space is air/fluid filled space surrounding lungs
What is Pneumothorax?
Collapsed lung
Chest trauma impact or a puncture wound to chest wall that pierces the pleural membrane allows air into the pleural space
This puts pressure on the lung causing it to collapse.
As biologists, we divide respiration up into 4 areas ?
Breathing
the movement of air in & out of the lungs
Inspiration vs Expiration
2. External Respiration
the exchange with air from the external environment at LUNGS & ALVEOLI.
3. Internal Respiration
the exchange that occurs internally at the TISSUE level
4. Cellular Respiration
the process which produces ATP in mitochondria → requires O2 and releases CO2
What are the differences between Insparation and exparation?
Inspiration
Muscles contract
Diaphragm flattens
Intercostals, ribs lift up and out
Negative pressure
Expiration
Stretch receptors max out
Muscles relax
diaphragm moves up
intercostals, ribs down and in
Positive pressure
How does breathing work?
Last changed10 months ago