Vocabulary Part II

the epithelial part of the skin

a tissue type in which cells are arranged as a single or multilayered sheet lying on a basement membrane

the middle of the three germ layers

the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

the outer of the three embryonic germ layers

the inner of the three germ layers

flat sheet of neuroepithelium that will roll up to form the neural tube of a vertebrate embryo

Wirbeltiere

(=cytoplasmic determinant) substance localized to part of an egg or blastomere that causes the cells that inherit it to acquire a particular developmental commitment

fertilized egg, strictly after the stage of fusion of male and female pronuclei

all cells of an organism that are not the germ line; may be collectively referred to as the soma

the cell lineage that will form the gametes, comprising the primordial germ cells, spermatogonia and oogonia, together with other clonal progeny such as nurse cells. The germ line is often formed by the action of cytoplasmic determinants

an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of the animal cell, as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression. The centrosome provides structure for the cell.

outer region of a cell, especially an egg or oocyte, comprising a few microns thickness beneath the plasma membrane

the development of oocytes (Eizellen)

motorproteins that travel along the microtubuli

separation of chromosoms / nuclei via Mikrotubuli: Inhibition by Nocodazol or Colchizin

separation of daugther cells via actinmicrofilaments: Inhibition by Cytochalasin B

Septins form ringstructure to cut the cells (also septins help at blebbing, form bases for membrane proteins / receptors or for Cilium or Annulus)

werden Proteine bezeichnet, die das Wachstum und die Differenzierung von Zellen regulieren. Sie sind eine Gruppe von Peptiden, die vor allem die Proliferation und Differenzierung von Zielzellen einleiten oder regulieren.

One single cell, multiple nuclei

Forms in early drosophila developement after Cleavage phase (first 12 rapid cell divisions)

Ending the syncytial blastoderm

- Membrane starts to fold inwards between nuclei

- Eventually, formation of a cellular blastoderm : One nucleus per cell!

After the cellular blastoderm is formed:

• Nuclear division becomes progressively slower

• Divisions become asynchronous

• Zygotic gene transcriptions starts!

• Cells gain motility

—> start of gastrulation: Morphogenetic movement that results in formation of the three germlayers