Literary Studies Poetry

• restriction to a specific kind of fictional text only

• relation to reality (no claim of representing facts, creation imaginary world, fictionality)

• paritcular use of language ( derivation from everyday language)

• specific reading effect intended

• literariness as result of a set of conventions that govern our reading

1. emotive/expressive function

2. conative function

3. referential function

4. phatic function

5. metalingual function

6. poetic function

all written communications and all written and printed works

excludes oral literature

saying that smth. is good or bad, better or worse, relative to some standard or alternative. Definitions based on paritcular normative or qualitative criteria are problematic. Such criteria do not stand up to objective scrutiny and are avoided nowdays

how the world is without saying whether its good or bad. Any differentation between literary and non literary text should follow descriptive criteria and base itself on certain textual and contextual factors

allows various interpretations of literary texts

Degree of literariness to give a satisfactory definition of literature. To classify “literature” and “non-literature”

• Particular introductory or concluding formulae

• high degree of ambiguity

• repertoire of representional techniques

• Literary Theory

• Literary History

• Literary Criticism

• lyric texts

• narrative texts

• dramatic texts

• Tendency towards brevity, density and reduction of the topic

• Tendency towards compression, condensation an reduction of represented subject matter

• Tendency towards increased subjectivity

• Tendency towards musicality and proximity to songs

• Tendency towards derivation from everyday language

metre is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse.

The smallest unit of a verse is called a foot. A verse consists of several feet; the number of feet determines the name of a verse.

1. Monometer

2. Diameter

3. Trimeter

4. Tetrameter

5. Pentameter

6. Hexameter

7. Heptameter

8. Octameter

A rhyme is a consonance of words from the last stressed vowel. It qualifies as a phonological stylistic feature in poetry.

cat - hat

It is a group of lines arranged together to form one unit of a poem. Therefore, stanzas divide a poem.

Monostich/Stichic

(Heroic) couplets

Triplet; tercet

Quatrain

Quintain

Sestet

Septet heptastich

Octave

• Sonnet

• Ballad

• Ode

• Pastoral

Italian:

• 2 Quatrains ending with 2 tersets

• Rhyme scheme: ABBA ABBA CDECDE or CDCDCD (Embracing rhyme and ?? or Alternate rhyme)

English:

• 3 Quatrains with closing couplet

• Rhyme scheme: AB AB CD CD EF EF GG (Alternate rhyme ending rhyming couplet)

Repetition same consonant sounds in the beginning

ex.: needy and naughty

Repetition vowel sounds

ex.: cold with a bold

Repetition consonant sounds across words

ex.: last but not least

Doubling

Tyger! Tyger! I have to tell…

Repetition initial part of sentence at the end of same sentence

ex.: Live and let live

Repetition of a word or phrase at beginning clause, sentence

ex.: And she forgot stars and moon, and she forgot…

Repetition at the end

ex.: Whirl your pointed pines, splash your great pines

Repetition syntactical units

ex.: easy come, easy go

Crosswise arragement of elements

ex.: fair is foul and foul is fair

Omission of a word or a phrase

ex.: Beaty is truth, truth beauty

A comparison of things or actions

ex.: You are a machine

A comprarion introduced by “like” or “as”

ex.: Shine bright like a diamond

Replacement of a word with annother connection

ex.: to read shakespear

Attribution of human qualities to a thing

ex.: My alarm yelled at me

figure of speech represent the whole

ex.: cleveland won by six rounds

exaggerated expression

ex.: my feet are killing me

negative opposite

not unclever / not unkind

trenchant combination of contradictory terms

Awfully good

Reverse an normal word order

ex.: An excellent decision she made

Explicit:

• Clearly preceptible and presented lyric persona

• Refers to himherself in first persona singular

• Communication individual

Implicit:

• Textual speaker barely appears in the poem

• Impersonal, charcterizes aesthetics, novel and poetry of modernism

Ballad stanza: 4 line with alterating rhyme, iambic with alternation of tetrameter+trimeter

narrative, tells a story to the folk

both have 14 lines

English: 3 Quatrains with closing couplet, Rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG

Italian: 2 Quatrains with ending tercets, Rhyme scheme:

ABBA ABBA CDE DCE or ABBA ABBA CDC DCD