Presence Measures

1. Presence is a very subjective measurement.

2. Presence is not only dependent on the virtual environment,

3. but also on individual differences.

• The ITQ-score reflects a greater tendency to become involved or immersed.

• Individuals scoring high in ITQ should report higher score for presence.

1. PQ (Presence Questionnaire) and ITQ are internally consistent measures with high reliability.

2. Weak but consistent positive relation between presence and task performance in VEs.

3. Individual tendencies measured by the ITQ predict presence as measured by PQ.

4. Individuals who report more simulator sickness symptoms in VE report less presence than those who report fewer symptoms.

Developed to measure the capability or tendency of individuals to be involved or immersed.

Developed to measure the degree to which individuals experience presence in a VE and the influence of possible contributing factors on the intensity of this experience.

Any perceived phenomenon during the VE exposure that launches the participant into awareness of the real world setting of the experience, and therefore breaks their presence in the VE

• Presence is achieved when the primary environment is no longer noticeable.

• BIPs occur when users attend to the primary environment rather than the secondary, mediated one (Slater 2002).

• BIPs can be unintentionally generated from the mediated environment itself.

• Heart Rate and Skin Conductance not reliable indicators (Athif u. a. 2020)

1. Down-regulation of the egocentric visual processing in posterior parietal brain regions using the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).

2. Up-regulation of medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) structures using the left DLPFC.

-> Down-regulation of the egocentric dorsal visual processing stream with the right DLPFC is more important in controlling and regulating presence