Computer

1834

• Concept for the first analytical machine was created

• By Charles Baggage

• Basic function that are fundamental for today computers

1936

• Paper about theoretical basis for today computer was written

• By Alan Turning

• Universal Turing Machine consist of 3 main parts

1958

First computer in Poland was created

Central unit that executes commands and control other parts of the computer

• Consits of cells which store bits

• Each cell has ist own address

• Connected with computer via an input-output system

• Examples: Keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, external memory

Motherboard

• Connection and communication between all other computer parts

• Processor, main memory, hard disk and floppy drive are implemented in it

• Can be connected to different extensions (sound / graphical card)

• Has different solts (PS2 / USB)

• Must be connected to power supply

• Makes instruction which come from the RAM

• Based in binary systems (1 instruction for 1 impluse)

  • 1 Hz is 1 operation per second

  • 1 GHz is 1 billio operations per second

• Todays cprocessors have 2- 3.5 GHz

• Multitasking

• Cooling needed

Random access memory (RAM)

• Directly available to processor

• Contains code for executing programs

• Allows data to be read and written

• Content is lost after power outage

• Need to permanently record data

Read-only memory (ROM)

• Non volatile memory

• Only for reading

• Information is stored permanently

• Allows connection between software and hardware

• Has semiconductor and battery

• Keeps data during unexpected power outage

• Basis for computer porgrams

• Low complexity

• Memory stores binary digits (0 or 1)

• Switch on / off

• Relay open / closed

• Capacitor charged / discharged

Simplifies representation of bit strings

• Systems are organized in units, which are called cells

• One cell constist of 8 bits (1 byte)

• First bit is the most important

1 b

1 B

1 KB

2^10 B

1 MB

2^20 B

1 GB

2^30 B

1 TB

2^40 B

1 PB

2^50 B

1 EB

2^60 B

• ASCII: 128 positions

• Extended ASCII: 256 positions

• Unicode: 2^32 positions (represent all signs used)

Allows data transfer between computer components

• Helps to store and process data

• Software is installed on it

• 2 main types: HDD & SDD

= Hard disk drive

• Data is saved on magnetic medium

• Saves large capacitor (1-2 TB)

• Low shock resistance

• High enegy consumption

= Solid state drive

• Uses flash memory

• High shock resistance

• Low energy consumption

• Input devices: Keyboard, mouse, microphone

• Output devices: Monitors, printers, loudspeaker

• Input-output devices: Graphical card, sound card

= Graphical user interface

• Pieces of information are presented by graphical elements (windows, icons)

= Terminal user interface

• Pieces of information are presented by text or signs in text code

Process of interpreting data based on knowledge

I=i(D,W,t)

Information=interpretation process (Data,Knowledge,time)

Set of steps to accomplish a task

Set of multiple algorithm

Set of actions based on which programs are created

• Translating algorithm which saves individual programming language into programs

• Examples: Utility programs, graphical programs, engineering and design programs

• Manage computer resources

• Assign programs memory and control it

• Assign processes processor time

• Collect and manage data

• Share interface

• Communicate with and operate other devices

• Shows errors

Windows XP

Windows Vista

Windows 7 / 8

Mac OS

iOS 4

UNIX

Linus

BSD / Free BSD

Sun solaris

• Rules for entering data on a data carriere

• Each operating system has system files

• Easy to store, access, process and remove data

• NTFS in windows: Additionally determines access to individual files and folders

Data set of finite length and specific atrocities

TXT, HTML, XML, KM, CSS, CAVEMAN SVG

DOC, DOCX, PDF, XLS, BMP, MP2, ABI, MPG

Contain references to other files (directories are its content)

• Used alternately to directory

• Doesn’t have to have physical location (is logical thing in operating system)

• Max. 8 signs, 3 extension

• In Windows: 256 signs