Describe the Pear leaf midge. What damages are caused by this insect?
Family Cecidomyiidae – gall midges
Dasineura pyri - Pear leaf midge
Eggs are laid in the margins of young leaves
Larvae feed on the upper epidermis, sheltered by the rolled-up leaf margins
Pupation in silken cocoons in the soil
3 generations per year
Damage:
Infested foliage becomes distorted and the leaf margins remain tightly rolled
Galls are often tinged with red or purple;
Galls are particularly prevalent on terminal growth and water shoots
Foliage may become black and die
Damage will stunt growth
Describe the Common gooseberry sawfly. What damages are caused by this insect?
Family Tenthredinidae - sawflies
Nematus ribesii - Common gooseberry sawfly
A common and often serious pest of gooseberry, red and white currant
In May eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves
Larvae feed gregariously on leaves
Pupation in the soil
Infested bushed are defoliated
Describe the European cherry fruit fly. What damages are caused by this insect?
Family Tephritidae – large fruit flies
Rhagoletis cerasi - European cherry fruit fly
Females deposit eggs singly in the developing fruits of cherry
Larvae feed in the fruit
Pupation on the ground
1 generation per year
Larvae feed in the fruits
Describe the apple sawfly. What damages are caused by this insect?
Hoplocampa testudinea - Apple sawfly
1 generation / year
In May eggs are laid singly in the apple blossom, each inserted in a slit made below the sepals
Larvae penetrate into the receptacle of the fruitlet and attack the developing seeds in the core
Further fruitlets may be attacked before larvae are fully grown and drop to the ground for overwintering
Larva feed on the flesh inside fruits
Infested fruitlets fail to develop further
Attacked fruitlets sometimes bear long slitlike wounds
Describe the Raspberry cane midge. What damages are caused by this insect?
Resseliella theobaldi (Barnes) - Raspberry cane midge
Females lay eggs in splits on young raspberry canes
Larvae feed in large clusters beneath the rind for 2-3 weeks, passing through 3 instars
3 generation per year
Midge larvae cause superficial damage to the canes
Tissue in the feeding areas becomes discoloured, turns brown or black
Midge-infested canes are susceptible to fungal pathogens (“midge blight”)
Disease may kill the young canes
Describe the plum sawfly. What damages are caused by this insect?
Hoplocampa flava - Plum sawfly
In May eggs are laid singly in the blossom, each inserted in a slit made below the sepals
Attacked fruitlets are recognized by the entry hole and by the associated exudation of gum and masses of wet, black frass
Describe the Spotted wing drosophila. What damages are caused by this insect?
Family Drosophilidae – drosophilid flies
Drosophila suzukii – Spotted wing drosophila
Sexual dimorphism, Highly polyphagous
Females attack fresh, ripe fruits by using their saw-like ovipositor to lay eggs under the fruit's soft skin
Serious economic threat to soft summer fruit, i.e., cherries, blueberries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, grapes, and others
Area around the oviposition site softens and depresses creating an visible blemish
Describe the summer fruit tortricid moth. What damages are caused by this insect?
Family Tortricidae - tortricid moths
Adoxophyes orana – Summer fruit tortrix moth
very agile
Many hosts, prefers apple or, secondarily, pear, cherry, plum, and others
In June larvae attack the leaves at the tips of the stems, leaves lower down
when in contact with fruit, caterpillar grazes its upper epidermis (irregular pattern) and occasionally dig roundish hole
2 generations / year
The autumn caterpillars eat the leaves and gnaw the fruit.
Caterpillars feed on leaves, preferably on fruits, which are covered by leaves
Describe the winter/march moth. What damages are caused by this insect?
Family Geometridae - geometer moths
Operophtera brumata – winter moth, march moth
Host plants: apricot, cherry, apple, plum, and others
Adults emerge October – December
Females climb up the trunks where mating takes place
Eggs are laid on twigs, in crevices in the bark or at bud axils
Larvae hatch mid-March – April and feed on leaf buds, later flower buds and fruits
Caterpillars feed on leaves and young fruits, boring deep holes into them
Describe the Pear leaf blister moth. What damages are caused by this insect?
Family Lyonetiidae
Leucoptera malifoliella (Costa) - Pear leaf blister moth
Eggs are laid in May / June
Larvae feed in a blotch formed on the upper side of the leaf
Pupation in a boat-shaped cocoon in a crevice on the bark
Common pest of apple and pear
Infested leaves may drop prematurely
Attacked leaves may contain several brown mines which become black
Describe the plum fruit moth. What damages are caused by this insect?
Grapholita funebrana – Plum fruit moth
Caterpillars similar to C. pomonella
Females lay eggs on young fruits
For pupation caterpillar leaves the fruit and weaves a cocoon on a sheltered spot
Overwintering site on the tree trunk or on the soil
2 generations per year
Caterpillar penetrates into the fruit near the base of the peduncle;
Infested fruits exude characteristic gummy droplets through the caterpillar's entry hole opening
Describe the apple leaf miner. What damages are caused by this insect?
Lyonetia clerkella – apple leaf miner
Adults overwinter
Eggs are laid in April in the underside of a leaf
Larvae mine towards the upper leaf surface for 3-4 weeks
Pupation in a cocoon (6-7 mm) on leaves or on rough bark
Common pest of apple and cherry
Tissue surrounding the mines becomes discoloured; heavy infestation may cause leaves to shrivel
Describe the bramble shoot moth. What damages are caused by this insect?
Notocelia uddmanniana (Linnaeus) - Bramble shoot moth
In June/July moths lay eggs on leaves close to tips of young canes
Larvae invade growing points and web together young leaves
After 3 weeks cocoons are spun and hibernation of L3 begins in August
Activity is resumed in March/April: larvae invade flower buds and new canes
Damage occurs in spring: Infested flower buds are hollowed out
Terminal buds of webbed canes are destroyed, growth is inhibited and canes are distorted
Describe the currant clearwing moth. What damages are caused by this insect?
Family Sesiidae
Synanthedon tipuliformis - Currant clearwing moth
Females lay eggs on the bark shoot
Larvae bore down to the pith and begin feeding, which continues throughout summer and autumn
Pupation next April / May in the hollowed-out pith; before adults emerge pupa wriggles to the surface and breaks through the rind; pupa remains protruding from the exit hole
Leaves on infested young shoots may wilt and fruit trusses may fail to develop
Shoots are weakened
Describe the Codling moth. What damages are caused by this insect?
Cydia pomonella – Codling moth
Most important pest in apple production
Caterpillars penetrate fruits and feed inside
2 generations / year (May and end of July)
Around the entrance hole made by the young larva, a gnawed area, followed by a spiral gallery leading down to the pips which the caterpillar also eats
The dry larval frass is pushed to the exterior of the fruit.
Damaged fruit drops prematurely
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