What are the purposes of early road systems?
For the movement of armies for conquest or for defense against invasion.
For the transport of food and trade of goods between towns and cities.
Who discovered and introduced the use of cement?
Romans
___ expanded their vast empire through an _____ radiating in many directions from the _____.
Romans, extensive road network, capital city or Rome.
Many of the roads built by the Romans still existed even after _____.
The Roman roads were characteristically laid on three courses :
1. A layer of small broken stones.
2. A layer of small stones mixed with mortar and firmly compacted.
3. A wearing course of massive stone blocks properly set and bedded with cement mortar.
He is a proponent during the 17th century when the France made a great strides in road building.
Napoleon the Great
Who introduced new methods for construction and maintenance of stone roads?
Jerome Tresaguet (1716 - 1796)
Contributions of Tresaguet:
Crown
Drainage
Grade of the road
He made it possible for Napoleon to build the massive French highways.
How many years later after the 17th century when Telford introduced some improvements in the construction method of Tresaguet?
30 (Thirty) years later
Jerome Tresaguet improved the stone foundation where he reduced the depth of broken stones to _____.
He is the founder and president of the Institute of Civil Engineer.
Thomas Telford (1757 - 1934)
He was recognized as the Father or Modern Road Building.
Telford road foundation course was made of stone having what minimum thickness, breadth, and height?
Thickness: 3 inches
Breadth: 5 inches
Height: 7 inches
Smaller stones were driven by _____ on top voids and the surface was trued by _____.
Mauls, breaking the projecting points
What did Thomas Telford employed in constructing roads?
Follow up question: He also provided a ___ using _____ stones of varying sizes.
Flat subgrade
Slight crown, stones
He is a Scottish engineer road builder and contemporary of Telford.
This road concept was inspired by John Louden.
Macadamia Road Concept
What did Eli Blake invented?
Stone Crusher
When was the stone crusher invented?
1858
It is a road building equipment that enhanced the development of roads.
When and where was the steam road roller invented?
1867 in France
The 1st road roller machine was invented by ____ and _____.
Aveling and Porter
What are the two laws that governed the road?
Saxon Laws
Laws when Normans conquered England
Enumerate the three mandatory duties stated under the Saxon Law.
To repair the roads and bridges
To maintain the castles and the garrisons
To aid repel invasions
The Normans decreed that:
The king’s highway is sacred.
The roads are for public use. All persons who wish to use them may do so.
Property owners adjoining the roads were required to drain the road, clip any bordering hedges and refrain from plowing and planting trees, shrubs or bushes closer than the specified distance from the center of the road.
In 1900's, transportation depended largely on:
Trail
Water
Railroad
Earthway
Gravel Roads
In the Philippines, _____ initiated construction of very popular macadam roads to connect towns and provinces in the country.
Americans
When did attention to the development of roads arise?
After World War II
Where did the budget of road development come from?
Finances coming from the war damage reparations paid by the Japanese.
Other financial aid extended by US government.
What are the three major events happened in the Philippines 20 years later (1920)?
Major highways and expressways with financial assistance and load from the World Bank and the IMF
Industrialization program plus the boom in vehicles import flooding the roadways
The need for such impact projects to boost the economy necessitated it
1950 to 1980 was considered as the _____.
Automobile age
It is a vital means of transporting persons and goods.
Cars
Major events in the automobile age:
Modern highways development continued alongside with the technical advances.
Development in equipment and management techniques have revolutionized construction and maintenance methods
Advanced knowledge in the field of soils & various highways materials including designs were adapted for reliability and economic considerations
Give three planning difficulties:
Need for roads and highways to be safe, useful and attractive. (SUA)
Need to provide roadside developments, erosion control and noise abatement. (RD, EC, NA)
Roads and highways are vital in the development of the country.
3 Categories of Planning Difficulties:
Financial
Political
Technical
Financial difficulty includes the:
Present economic condition
Sky high foreign debt
Big headache in generating needed funds for road projects
Give some examples of political difficulties.
Politicians stick their dirty hands in road projects.
Comprehensive roads and highways development plans, which are the result of long and careful study by our technical experts, are twisted or flexed by political muscles to suit their own political interests.
Either deferred or amended for realignment due to political reasons, and, transferring from one location to the other always delay if not curtail action for such planned projects
Projected plans are sometimes challenged in court or political arena, and, different laws with conflicting purposes and procedures impede or obstruct , thus results to long delays or no action at all
Give some situations where technical difficulties occur.
Rational planning is no longer an objective process based on training and expertise, concerning the actual needs of the people but rather a political decision.
Politics is the power that controls financing and decision.
(Political)
Average annual daily traffic as measured in motor vehicles travel have tremendously increased to more than double or triple that of the previous years.
Planners are faced with the problem of defining the role of the automobile or other motor vehicles such as the highways based transport and other means of transporting people and goods in the urban areas.
(Traffic)
Public confidence is tremendously eroded not only in the government’s ability to solve these problems but also in the proficiency of technical men to offer solutions.
Planners of today are operating in a world of rapid change and uncertainty in the political arena where decisions by magic or oracles carry more weight than those based on professional training, expertise and experience
Professionals, more particularly the technical men, seems to have lost confidence in themselves or the solutions they offer
(Confidence, Technical Staffs)
What are the three highways programming?
Economic - deals with questions of resources.
Financial - question of who pays and who spends, how much and where.
Political and Administration - involves decision making.
What are the seven elements of highway programming approach?
Financial resources either short or long range by the agencies function such as construction, operation and maintenance. (Financial)
Recognition of the legislative and administrative desire and constraint. (Legislative)
Tentative priorities based on economic analysis, critical situations, present and future expected level of traffic, and claims based on political subdivisions. (Priorities)
Providing a continuity of route system and coordination with other transportation mode. (System)
Selection of projects to balance the construction capabilities, duration of projects, availability of labor and materials, and the climatic conditions. (Project Selection)
Scheduling the project implementation in coordination with other agencies, acquiring right of way and making final plan and specifications. (Scheduling)
Budgetary reserve to cover emergencies such as floods and other natural disaster. (Maintenance)
What are the four direct effects of highway construction?
Quantifiable Market Value
Quantifiable Non-market Value
Non-quantifiable Non-market Value
What are the Quantifiable Market Values in terms of cost and highway?
Planning cost
Right of way appropriation
Construction cost
Maintenance cost
Operating cost
What are the cost benefits to highway users under the Quantifiable Market Value?
Vehicle operating cost ( including congestion cost )
Net increase or decrease in costs of vehicle operation per year.
Travel time savings ( commercial )
Net increase or decrease in travel time, times the peso value of commercial travel time.
Motorist safety ( economic cost of accident )
Net change in expected number of accidents times the average cost per accident per year
Examples of cost benefits to highway users under the Non-quantifiable Non-market Value:
Motorists safety
Accident cost of pain suffering and deprivation
Comfort and conversion
Discomfort, inconvenience and strain of driving
Aesthetic from driving viewpoint
Benefit of pleasing views and scenery from road
What is the cost benefits to highway users under the Quantifiable Non-market Values?
Travel time savings – ( non commercial )
Minutes save per vehicle trip
It is one of the most important single rules in highway designing.
Consistency
Drivers expect highway agency to provide them with clear information and guidance through a variety of _____, ___, as well as the _____.
Road signs
Avoiding abrupt changes in the traffic
Road standards
Experienced highway engineers recommend that the highway signs and directions are integrated as early as the _____.
Preliminary layout studies
What are the set of documents of instructions and conditions under which highways are built?
Plans and specifications
They contain the engineering drawing of the projects.
Plans
They are the written instruction and conditions.
Specifications
They are the integral part of the contract between the contractor and the highway agency.
Legal documents
The complete and detailed scheme for the road which are incorporated in the geometric designs are:
Traffic
Erosion control
Roadside development
Structure
Soils
Pavement
(TDersP - ‘Te there's pee)
A partial list of subjects covered by the standard drawing includes:
Pipe culverts
Concrete box culverts
Guard rail and parapet
Curbs
Gutters
Curb structures
(PCGCGC
Sidewalks
Drainage inlet and outlet structures of numerous types
Manholes
Rip rap and other devices used for bank protection
Fences and right of way
Other survey markers
(SDMRFO)
Meaning of AASHTO
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
AASHTO was established as an ___ and ___, and the _____.
association of State Territorial, District of Columbia Highway Department, and Federal Highway Administration.
When was AASHO became AASHTO - integrated by the department of transportation.
1973
Engineering activities are implemented through the standing committee with the task of:
Preparing specifications
Manuals and standards representing the current practice
AASHTO publications include:
Transportation Materials, Specifications, and Tests
Specifications for Highway Bridges
Geometric Design Standards
Numerous Policy Statements and Guides
Strips of land that have been cleared and further improved for the movement of people and goods
Roads and highways
Somewhat broader application in usage while generally used to describe a public thoroughfare.
Roads
Public road built by digging ditches on both sides and heaping up the earth in the middle, thus creating a way higher than the adjacent land.
Highway
Divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or partial control of access and generally with grade separation at major intersections.
Expressway
An expressway with full control of access.
Freeway
Means a condition where the rights of owners or occupants of adjoining land or other persons’ access to light, air or view in connection with a highway is fully or partially controlled by public authority.
Control of access
The authority to control access is exercised to give preference to through traffic by providing access connections to selected public roads only.
Crossing at grade or direct private driveway connections is not permitted
Full control of access
The authority to control access is exercised to give preference to through traffic , although in addition to access connections with selected public roads, there maybe some crossings at grade and some private driveway connections allowed.
Partial control of access
Every highway or portion thereof on which vehicular traffic is given preferential right of way, and at the entrance to which vehicular traffic from intersecting highways is required by law to yield right of way to vehicles on such through highway in obedience to either a stop sign or a yield sign erected thereon.
Through street or through highway
An arterial highway for non-commercial traffic, with full or partial control of access, and usually located within a park or a ribbon or parklike development
Parkway
It carries traffic to the nearest access points or through traffic.
Arterial street
Most arterials are existing highways or streets of considerable length along which cross traffic is regulated by ___ or _____.
Signals or stops signs
Arterials provide access to _____ property but often with restriction on entry and exit locations
Considered as a make do substitute for controlled access facilities when traffic volume exceed about _____ vehicles per day.
Basic considerations for planning the arterial roads:
Selection of routes
Study of traffic volume
Origins and destinations
Accident experienced
Width should be at least 15 meters
Must carry at least one lane of traffic in each directions
Should be at least one kilometer in length
Should skirt neighborhood areas rather than penetrate them
In a grid design system of street, arterials are spaced at about 600 to 900 meters apart
Where accident, hazard is not a factor, the minimum volume to justify arterials are 300 vehicles per average hour during the day and 450 vehicles hourly during peak periods.
To increase the arterial capacity, during peak hour traffic volume exceed the capacity of 2 way streets:
Parking is prohibited on one or both sides of the street
Parking is prohibited several meters away from each side of the road intersections or corners
Right turn is allowed on red signals with care
Left turns are eliminated on congested intersections
The direction of traffic is revered in the center lane to provide more lanes in the direction of heavier traffic flow
It is a form of c which picks up traffic from service streets and carries it to the arterials.
Collector street
Street or road primarily for access to ____, _____ or _____
Road constructed and maintained by the local government unit such as barangay, cities, and municipalities.
Local roads
It refers to the maximum number of vehicles that are reasonably expected to pass a given point over a given period of time and usually expressed as vehicles per hour.
Highway Capacity
How many passengers can one freeway lane accomodate?
2000 passenger cars per hour
For the highway capacity, two lane roads can carry up to how many passenger cars per hour?
1000 passenger cars
As the volume of traffic approaches _____, _____ is markedly reduced.
Capacity, average speed
What is AADT or ADT?
Average Annual Daily Traffic
Traffic flow or volume on a highway as measured by the number of vehicles passing a partial station during a given interval of time if the period is less than a year.
AADT
Volume maybe stated on “___” or the _____ which is commonly used for design purposes.
“Hourly observed traffic volume”
30th hour volume
Some highway agencies use volume for _____ interval to distinguish short peak movements of the traffic.
5 minutes
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