Group attitudes 1

Impressions of groups and associated (pseudo)knowledge/beliefs

Attitude (evaluation)/orientation towards groups/groupmembers based on their groupmemberships (directly or indirectly)

behavior directed towards groups/groupmembers based on their groupmembershipsa

-        Open display of negative attitudes towards low-status groups are correlated with;

o    intercorrelated (Ppl who discriminate one group usually discriminate plenty others)

o   Education

o   Openness, Agreeableness

è Lack of causation, effect-size, process explanation

Different Ideologies (personality disposition + confirming social context) -> not fixed for life

Threatening context/ Conformity orientation-> Worldview; Dangerous -> Right-Wing Authoritarianism

• pregudice against “threatening “outgroups

Competitive context/Toughminded orientation -> Worldview; Competitive ->  Social Dominance Orientation

• prejudice against competing/lower outgroups

o   Social group membership is included in self-concept

o   -> satisfying seemingly contradictory goals of connectedness, uniqueness, Value-Me&Mine by belonging to a group that is better than other groups (Positive Distictiveness)

§  Best provides by smaller groups

o   Self Definition

§  Self-stereotyping

§  Ingroup homogeneity

o   Self Investment

§  Satisfaction

§  Solidarity

§  Centrality

§  Ppl favoured their ingroup (Ingroup Bias) and chose options that would set them apart from outgroupover options that would earn ingroup more points

è Ingroup Bias exists even without any conflict or self interest

o   Opinions, Emotions, Behacior become more typical of the group

o   Strom emotions to events affecting the group ( high identification-> stronger emotions

o   Basking in reflected glory Effect;

• o   Temporary

§  Explicit lables

§  Presence of ingroup members

§  Presence of outgroup members 

§  Group symbols

• o   Stable

§  Intergroup rivalry

§  Minoritys

§  Target Discrimination

§  Individual factors

§  Cultural chronic accessibility (NOT individualistic vs interpersonal)

§  Higher identification = higher ingroup Bias allocationg rewards  

§  No differences allocating punishment

-        Prejudice and Discrimination reflect conflicts of Interests for valued/scarce resources  between groups

-        Exemplar study;

o   Robbers Cave Study (Sherif) (not replicable/reliable)

§  Kids at camp first sorted into two groups and competed -> intergroup bias

§  Revoking competition does not lead to cooperation

§  (forced) interdependence does

Peing reminded of mortality causes exisential fear -> enhance neg view of outgroups, more conservative

§  Tendency to perceive not only difference but also superiority (to achieve distinctiveness and self enhance) (Hard to accept that things are different AND equally good)  leads to ;

·       Other beliefs, values ideologies perceived as conflicting  with own

-> Symbolic Threat (other ideologies as threat to own)

o   Creativity

§  Change meaning of comparison dimension

§  Change comparison dimension

o   Individual Mobility(if threat = Legitimate &stable)

§  Dissociation; physically distance self from group  (conceal group membership)

§  Disidentification; psychologically distance self from group

·       Avoid reminders

·       Pose as exception

·       (public criticism of incroup)

è Causes stress … tho

o    clustering individuals based on PERCEIVED similarity on socially meaningful dimensions

o   groupmembership info preferred over individual info

o   Reasons;

§  Complexity reduction (provides more info easier)

§  Helps efficient functioning in society

tendency to overgeneralize (theyr all the same) outgroups and focus on aspects thad make “Them” all the same and “us” Different.

è ; assumption that ingroup is more diverse than outgroup

§  Large percentage of of wrongful convictions due to cross-race misidentifications

o   Overgeneralization primarily affects outgroups (“our group is very diverse”)

§   

§  Cause;

·       Selective exposure

·       (to specific situations) constrained interactions

·       Not processing individually defining characteristics

·       Salience of categories not as sailent when interacting inside own group (-> subgrouping) vs saliency of categories when interaction with outgroup

. Perceptual learning

• pure existence of others =security risk

• no actual resources being stolen bud feeling of havin less than before (Frauenquote)

• Other ideologies threaten validity of own ideologies

Emotions can be experienced not on by indiviuals but by groups in general and on behalf of other groupmembers (Group emotions)

• high social identity heightens emotions

• -> primary (feeling), secondary appraisals (coping)

  -> feelings allow to differentiate between different types of prejudice based on diff emotions