The process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions from one person to another with the use of symbols which may be verbal and/or non-verbal and aims for understanding.
Latin word meaning “common.”
To be common means “to come together” or “to commune” “to share something in common.”
According to them, communication is…
“The process by which individuals share meaning.”
“The process by which an individual (the communicator) transmits stimuli (usually verbal symbols) to modify the behavior of other individuals (communicatee).”
According to them communication occurs whenever the information is passed from one place to another. Not simply the verbal, explicit, and intentional transmission of message; it includes all those processes by which people influence one another.
An intentional communication that happens within the bounds of specific contexts.
A communication applied in specific setting, environment, scene, social relations and culture.
This affects the process of sending and receiving of messages; semantics or meanings, choice of channels, words and methods of delivery.
Systematic
Dynamic
Meaning is personally constructed
Symbolic interaction
Consists of group of elements which interact to influence each other and the system as a whole.
Communication as a Process & its 4 Attributes
On-going; ever-changing, with no clear beginnings and endings.
Communication Process & its 4 Attributes
Meanings are in people, not in words.
Language is a form of symbol. “The medium shapes the message.”
Berlo’s Model
Refers to a person or a group of persons “with a purpose, a reason for engaging in communication.”
Initiates the communication process.
Also referred to as the encoder, sender, information, source or communicator.
Source
Berlo (1961)
A person/group “with a purpose, a reason for engaging in communication.”
Berlo's Model
Refers to the person or group of persons at the other end of the communication process.
The receiver listens when the source talks; the receiver reads what the source writes.
Receiver
“The receiver is the target of the communication.”
A source must have something to transmit.
His or her purpose is expressed in the form of a message.
Message
“The message may be an idea, purpose, or intention that has been translated into a code or a systematic set of symbols.”
Message code
Message content
Message treatment
Any group of symbols that can be structured in a way that is meaningful to some person. Thus, language (sounds, letter, and words) is a code because it contains elements that are arranged in meaningful orders.
The material in the message selected by the source to
express his/her purpose.
Ex: research report (included writers’ assertion’s, information presented, conclusions drawn.)
Decisions that the communication source makes in
selecting and arranging both code and content.
Ex: A journalist writes an article (what information to include, the angle of the story, the words he will use.)
Modes of encoding and decoding the messages (e.g. speaking) message vehicles (sound waves)
vehicle carriers (air)
determined by: availability, money, source preferences, which channels are received by
most people at the lower cost, which channels have the most impact; which channels
are adaptable to the purpose of the source; which channels are most adaptable to the content of the message.
The outcome of a communication or the response of the receiver to the message of the source.
Sometimes it adheres to the desired outcome of the source, sometimes the effect is not the desired outcome.
A communication response to both source and receiver.
This could take form of non-verbal or verbal cues.
Feedback
Berlo’s (1961)
“When an individual communicates with himself, the messages he encodes are fed back into his system by his decoder.”
Interpersonal Communication
Intrapersonal Communication
Mass Communication
Levels of Communication
Communication with oneself.
Often defined as face-to-face communication.
Person-to-person communication—communication between one person, a group, or a room full of people at one time but still on a person-to person basis.
A communication that employs technological devices (radio, television, films) to disseminate symbolic content to large, heterogeneous, and widely dispersed audiences (Janowitz, 1968 and McQuail, 1981).
Communicating with large group of people at one time through the use of social media.
According to them, Mass Communication that employs technological devices (radio, television, films) to disseminate symbolic content to large, heterogeneous, and widely dispersed audiences.
Harold D. Laswell
Laswell’s Model
Shannon & Weaver’s Model
Newcomb’s Model
Osgood & Schramm’s Mode;
Dance’s Helical Model
American political scientist; created Laswell’s model
This model omits the elements of feedback; no feedback.
Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver
Creators of Shannon & Weavers Mathematical Model
This model answered the questions of Laswell’s model.
One-way linear model
Introduced the element of noise.
Anything that disrupts the transmission of a signal.
Anything that disrupts the smooth flow of communication.
Introduces the role of communication in a society or social relationship.
In this model, communication maintains equilibrium within a social system.
If A and B have similar attitudes about X, then the system is in equilibrium. Should their attitudes differ, then there is no equilibrium and A and B must communicate to find a way to put their system in balance.
Wilbur Schramm & Charles Osgood
Creators of Osgood & Schramm’s Model
This model is compared to Shannon and Weaver’s
This model focuses on the actors in the communication to be equal in performing the tasks of encoding, interpreting, and decoding messages.
This model portrays the communication process as moving.
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