antibiotics

• several different antibiotics, which act effectively against specific features of bacteria as procariotic cells (in comparison to human eucariotic cells):

  -> differences in metabolism

  -> differences in ribosomes

  -> specific elements of bacterial wall and possible elements as a capsule and flagellum

• but bacteria can build resistancies (shift to their resistant strain) due to plasmid dna constructions, which they also can exchange with different type of bacteria

  -> if we start treatment, we have to know which bacterium is present to choose the right antibiotic

• bacteria can escape from the effect of antibiotics by neutralizing the chemical substance (so they from strcts that they are not dependend on the specific metabolic element, that is affected by the antibiotics), or forming enzymes, which destroy the antibiotic fct (antibiotic is deleted)

• to find right antibiotics takes time and money -> dull grown petri dish and then you can add antibiotics and see which one builds large rings (which shows effect towards bacteria; but often try and error in hope to find the antibiotic that does help

• antibiotics affect different sites of the bacteria

  -> cell wall construction

  -> follic acid synthesis (eucariotic cells do not form follic acid -> powerful tool, as eucariotic cells won’t be affected)

  -> cell membrane / lipid bilayer

  -> dna (rather difficult)

  -> protein synthesis (affects ribosomes)

• higher resistance occurs in the more developed countries

  -> antibiotics given to animals can build resistancies in two ways:

  • taken up of human by consumption of meat, etc

    -> modifying microbioma

    -> interfering with metabolism

  • antibotics in the animals can lead to more resistant bacteria in the environment, which then can enter the human body as more resistant elements

  => important issue

• GENE SHARING

  -> exchange of plasmid information

bacteria can be a therapeutic tool and helpers in the therapeutic strategy because they can bring specific proteins and specific activity to specific sites in the body

-> for example e.coli used as tracer with chronic inflammation in large intestine

=> we can add these bacteria to this specific site and then they can interfere with this chronic activity and for ex decrease the immunological response and inflammatory response

-> can also help in cancer treatment

=> salmonella typhimurium (if changed and differenciated) -> to cure mamma carcinoma