Describe the difference between the Δ and ω nomenclature of fatty acids.
Δ means that counting from the carboxy group
is more precise and more used because it decribse it more used because the standart
ω starts with the ch3 ending
Describe the two different ways to classify lipids.
Classification by headgroup:
Phospholipids
glycerolipids
Sterols
Backbone
Glycerolipids
Sphingolipids
Starting with the headgroup -> backbone (add sceme)
Name three functions of lipid molecules to regulate the biophysical properties of membranes.
Curvature
headgroup
single lipids
Fluidity
adding unsaturated
sterols
Thickness
by lenght of the lipids
Charge
headgroups
Plants harbor a huge number of different fatty acids. Name three examples of unusual fatty acids and explain how they are synthesized. (should be a bit longer than C16-18)
Ricinoleic acid (risinusoil)
Resinolic acid (rape seeding oil)
Renolicacid (plastic formation, defense lipids)
Castarbean oil
Describe the difference between the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic pathway. Focus on the Kennedy pathway
Prokaryotic:
Localisation: Chloroplastide
Each step of fatty acid synthesis is catalyzed by a separate enzyme
Acyltransferase: Acly ACP
first remove the headgroup
Eukaryotic
Localisation: ER
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a large, multifunctional enzyme complex responsible for catalyzing all the steps of fatty acid synthesis in a coordinated manner.
Acyltransferase:
First remove
Explain the differences between the DAG- and the CDP-DAG pathway.
The Headgroup is activated in the DAg pathway,
Describe the 7 reactions that are unique to either the citrate or glyoxylate cyle. Name the enzymes involved in the reactions as well as the substrate and product of each reaction.
Describe three lipid metabolic pathways that are localized in the ER.
alkane pathway
phosoplipid pathway
malovate
By which pathway do plants convert fatty acids into glucose? Name substrates and the two key enzymes involved and give examples for plants species for which this pathway is absolutely essential.
Glycolicidade pathway
Describe the synthesis of fatty acids and membrane lipids in a plant cell. Don’t focus on a detailed description of every single reaction but provide a more general description by making use of the following keywords: plastid/ER, cytosol, Kennedy pathway, DAG-pathway, plasmamembrane.
Draw the chemical structure of a phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecule including the fatty acid residues. Describe synthesis and degradation of PC in a plant cell with particular focus on the subcellular location of each step.
Draw the chemical structure of triacylglycerols including the fatty acid residues. Describe synthesis, storage and degradation of triacylglycerols in a plant cell with particular focus on the subcellular location of each step.
Sphingolipids consist of four subgroups. Name these 4 groups, explain how they are metabolically interconnected and by which signals the precursors are channeled into complex sphingolipids.
Ceramide is recived after attaching a fatty acid to the
Cermaide is a branching point or you attach a phsophoinsolitol to the cerimide to the GTPCs
Headgroup attachment is dependent on the backbone
Name three processes that are affected by jasmonates.
rout development
biotic stress
self defense
Incuses the response by
What is the difference between cutin and suberin?
Cutin is on surface and formes complex layers
Suberin is forming
What are the major monomers of cutin?
Hydroxylated fatty acids
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