Organic chemistry

1. A weak base is required

2. high temperature is required

3. the carbocarion should be stable

4. an resenic mixture is form

5. polar protic sovent should be present

6. leaving group should be ready to leave

7. uni molecules reaction

order = 1

RDS = formation of carbocarion

polar protic solvent are those where the H is directly bonded with highly electronegative elements and has the ability to resolve anions and actions

polar aprotic solvents are those where H is not bonded with OFCl or N groups and they dissolved anions

A reaction where halogen and one H is removed to form an alkene

with the major product being the most stable alkene

for the stability of alkene

1. check no. of alpha hydrogen

2. check for more substituted carbon

satzeff alkene is the most stable alkene and Hoffman is the least stable alkene

A reaction where there is removal of water for the compound with the help of a strong acid

like H3 PO4 or H2SO4 etc

the conditions required are

1. strong base

2. hight temperature

3. the stability of transition state is important

4. an anti elemination product is formed with invertion in configuration

5. biomolecules reaction

order =2

RDS = the atting of base and formation of transition state

6. need an aprotic solvents to dissolve the anion

a mixture were in 3D space the atticng reagent atackes from the back and the from side forming dwo different compounds

basically the attacking reagent gets substitute either at the place of the leaving group or to the opposite side of it in the plane

An reaction where with the leaving group and hydrogen for the other side of of 3D compound learning to the formation of an alkene

This type of reaction takes place when there is a bad leaving group attach to the carbon atom like chlorine nitrogen sulphur etc

over here there is a formation of carboanion and the are anion stability is measured by 1>2>3

Over here they hoffman alkene is the major product in most of the cases

When to bulky groups are attached on the same side then it is Z isomerism

When the bulky groups are attached to opposite side then they are called E isomerism

Elemination reaction involves the breaking of Sigma bonda then requiring huge amount of energy

For symmetric

CAR - cis pas anti additin resenic mixture

TAM - trans par anti addition is meso

For unsymmetric carbons

CAT - cis par anti threo

TAE - trans par anti addition erythro

Threo different side same group

Erythro different sides different groups

Syn addition you will take a ross

Like for symmetric

Cis anti will give meso and vise versa

Decomposition and syn addition in the presence of heat

An amine compound is first reacted with iodoalkane and moist Ag20 and later on have an elemination reaction in presence of heat

Always check for sterric hindrance

Both of them are attacking reagent where

Electrophiles love electron and look for election

Nucleophile are nucleus lover that is they want to lose electron

Metals are bad nucleophile

1. Haloalkeanes they are also known as alkyl halide and the carbon has a sp3 hybridization

2. Haloarenes there also call aryl halide and the carbon has sp2 hybridization

The halogen atom is bonded to an alkyl group

The halogen Raja was it when SP3 hybridised carbon atom adjacent to the carbon carbon double bond

The halogen atom is bonded to in SP3 hybridised carbon atom attached to a aromatic ring

The halogen atom is bonded to an SP2 hybridised carbon

Geminal dihalides or alkylidene halides are wear halogen atoms are present on the same carbon atom

Vicinal dihalide or alkylene dihalides are there halogen atoms are present on adjacent carbon atoms

The size of halogen atom increases down the group and the step on the carbon and halogen is weaker as we move down the group

For the preparation of haloalkanes from alcohol we can use

HCL and zncl2

Nabr and H2SO4

Px3

Px5

Red phosphorus with X2

Socl2

For the preparation of haloalkanes from alkanes we use free radical substitution reaction.

The visions used here are

Light with X2

Using this mechanism we cannot make Iodo or floro alkanes

The mechanism used for the preparation of haloalkanes from alkenes is known as free radical substitution reaction.

Using the reaction we cannot prepare I do alkanes and fluoroalkanes.

The reagents used here are

Light with X2 where X can be chlorine or bromine

The reagents used here are

HX

Br2 in presence of ccl4 to form a vicinal dihalide

Preparation of alkyl iodide with helloalkanes

The reagents used are

NaI in presence of dry acetone

This type of method is also known as halogen exchange reaction

The preparation of alkyl fluoride takes place from haloalkanes

The reagent used here are

AgF

Hg2F2

CoF2

SbF3

Reaction of iodine are reversible in nature does they require a strong oxidizing agents like HNO3 or HIO4 to have a good yield.