What is the narrow defintion of literature?
restriction to a specific kind of fictional text only
relation to reality (no claim of representing facts, creation imaginary world, fictionality)
paritcular use of language ( derivation from everyday language)
specific reading effect intended
literariness as result of a set of conventions that govern our reading
What is Polyvalence?
allows various interpretations of literary texts
What is the broad defintion of literature?
all written communications and all written and printed works
excludes oral literature
Which 3 main literary genres exist?
lyric texts
narrative texts
dramatic texts
Fictionality
fingere = invent refers to the fabricated or imaginative nature of the worlds presented in literary texts.
What means literariness?
Degree of literariness to give a satisfactory definition of literature. To classify “literature” and “non-literature”
normative definition
saying that smth. is good or bad, better or worse, relative to some standard or alternative. Definitions based on paritcular normative or qualitative criteria are problematic. Such criteria do not stand up to objective scrutiny and are avoided nowdays
Literary Studies has which 3 branches?
Literary Theory
Literary History
Literary Criticism
Textual signs for fictionality
Particular introductory or concluding formulae
high degree of ambiguity
repertoire of representional techniques
What is a Rhyme?
A rhyme is a consonance of words from the last stressed vowel. It qualifies as a phonological stylistic feature in poetry.
What is a metre?
metre is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse.
Name the Verses in dependency of number of feet.
From 1 - 10
Monometer
Diameter
Trimeter
Tetrameter
Pentameter
Hexameter
Heptameter
Octameter
Which poetic forms exist?
Sonnet
Ballad
Ode
Pastoral
What is a stanza?
It is a group of lines arranged together to form one unit of a poem. Therefore, stanzas divide a poem.
What is a foot?
The smallest unit of a verse is called a foot. A verse consists of several feet; the number of feet determines the name of a verse.
Rhetorical device
Alliterarion
Repetition same consonant sounds in the beginning
ex.: needy and naughty
Think of the communication model for poetry
Name of stanza depending on the stanzaic structure from 1 line to 8 lines
Monostich/Stichic
(Heroic) couplets
Triplet; tercet
Quatrain
Quintain
Sestet
Septet heptastich
Octave
Consonance
Repetition consonant sounds across words
ex.: last but not least
The syllable is unstressed, unstressed, stressed (x,x,/)
example: understand
The syllable is stressed, unstressed (/ x)
Example: happy
What is the following rhyme scheme called?
aa bb cc
abab cdcd
aab ccb
abba cddc
descriptive definition
how the world is without saying whether its good or bad. Any differentation between literary and non literary text should follow descriptive criteria and base itself on certain textual and contextual factors
What are the six functions of language by Jakobson
emotive/expressive function
conative function
referential function
phatic function
metalingual function
poetic function
The syllable is stressed, unstressed, unstressed (/,x,x)
Example: strawberry
What is the difference between the Italian and English Sonnet?
Italian:
2 Quatrains ending with 2 tersets
Rhyme scheme: ABBA ABBA CDECDE or CDCDCD (Embracing rhyme and ?? or Alternate rhyme)
English:
3 Quatrains with closing couplet
Rhyme scheme: AB AB CD CD EF EF GG (Alternate rhyme ending rhyming couplet)
What are the generic features of poetry
Tendency towards brevity, density and reduction of the topic
Tendency towards compression, condensation an reduction of represented subject matter
Tendency towards increased subjectivity
Tendency towards musicality and proximity to songs
Tendency towards derivation from everyday language
aba bcb cdc
The syllable is unstressed/ Stressed (x /)
Example: amuse
Assonance
Repetition vowel sounds
ex.: cold with a bold
Ellipsis
Omission of a word or a phrase
ex.: Beaty is truth, truth beauty
Epiphora
Repetition at the end
ex.: Whirl your pointed pines, splash your great pines
Metonomy
Replacement of a word with annother connection
ex.: to read shakespear
Epanalepsis
Repetition initial part of sentence at the end of same sentence
ex.: Live and let live
Geminatio
Doubling
Tyger! Tyger! I have to tell…
Parallelism
Repetition syntactical units
ex.: easy come, easy go
Metaphore
A comparison of things or actions
ex.: You are a machine
Synecdoche
figure of speech represent the whole
ex.: cleveland won by six rounds
Oxymoron
trenchant combination of contradictory terms
Awfully good
Anaphora
Repetition of a word or phrase at beginning clause, sentence
ex.: And she forgot stars and moon, and she forgot…
Hyperbole
exaggerated expression
ex.: my feet are killing me
What is characterizing for a Ballad?
Ballad stanza: 4 line with alterating rhyme, iambic with alternation of tetrameter+trimeter
narrative, tells a story to the folk
Personification
Attribution of human qualities to a thing
ex.: My alarm yelled at me
Litotes
negative opposite
not unclever / not unkind
Chiasmus
Crosswise arragement of elements
ex.: fair is foul and foul is fair
Inversion
Reverse an normal word order
ex.: An excellent decision she made
Comparison/Simile
A comprarion introduced by “like” or “as”
ex.: Shine bright like a diamond
Speech situation
What is the difference between the explicit and implicit subjectivity
Explicit:
Clearly preceptible and presented lyric persona
Refers to himherself in first persona singular
Communication individual
Implicit:
Textual speaker barely appears in the poem
Impersonal, charcterizes aesthetics, novel and poetry of modernism
Last changeda month ago