What is biology the study of?
Living things
What are the characteristics of life?
Growth
Reproduction
Organization
Response
Requires energy
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Define the problem or ask a question
Research
Form a hypothesis
Test your hypothesis
State your conclusions
What is a hypothesis?
A simple, testable statement predicting expected results
What is a theory?
A hypothesis with a lot of research to back it up
What are the limitations of the scientific method?
Broad hypothesises
Flawed methods
Human error
Atypical specimens
What three states of matter does water do?
Solid, liquid, and gas
What are some cool water facts that make it useful for life?
It’s a bit magnetic, letting other substances more easily dissolve in it
It comes in three different flavors: ice, water, and steam
It has a lot of temperature inertia
Ice floats
What makes the Earth so cracked at supporting life?
It chose the perfect star and distance to get a nice tan
It spins just enough to make a nice rotisserie planet'
The spinning makes the core dizzy and also magnetic
It got the memo to hydrate or your critters will diedrate
What is the smallest living unit of an organism?
Cell
What can’t be broken into smaller pieces using ordinary chemical reactions?
An element
Atoms are made up of what 3 subatomic particles?
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
What kind of charge to electrons have?
Negative
When is an element most stable?
When its outermost shell is full of electrons.
When does ionic bonding occur?
When one atom steals an electron from another atom making one atom positively charged and the other negatively charged. They bond because of their opposite charges.
When does covalent bonding occur?
When atoms share electrons
What is a chemical reaction?
A chemical reaction occurs when bonds between atoms are either formed or broken.
What is organic chemistry?
The study of carbon-containing compounds
What are the four cellular components?
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
What are carbohydrates primarily found in?
Fruits, vegetables, and grains
What are lipids used for in cells?
Energy, storage, and insulation
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Matter cannot be created or distroyed
What does an enzyme do?
It speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction
What are the basic principles of cell theory?
All living things are composed of one or more cells
A cell is the basic unit of organization in all organisms
All cells come from existing cells
What are the main parts of a eukaryotic cell?
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Are cells typically diverse in size, shape, and function, or are they all somewhat similar?
They are extremely diverse, even within a single organism
Is the plasma membrane made up of two layers of phospholipids and/or composed of only phospholipids?
Yes
No
What impacts the rate of diffusion?
Temperature
Concentration
Molecule size
What are the two types of transporting molecules into cells?
Active (needs energy) and passive (doesn’t need energy)
Plasma membrane:
Semi-permeable boundary of the cell
Cytoplasm:
Filled with a gel-like fluid called cytosol.
Contains many little organs called organelles.
Contains the cytoskeleton which gives the cell its shape.
Nucleus:
The master control center of the cell where the DNA is found
Rough endoplasmic reticulum:
The site responsible for producing proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
Synthesizes lipids and steroids and also helps with cellular detoxification
Ribosomes:
Line up amino acids in order to produce proteins (workers of the cells)
Mitochondria:
powerhouse of the cell
Golgi apparatus:
It is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations
Lysosomes:
Lysosomes are specialized vesicles within cells that digest large molecules through the use of hydrolytic enzymes for other uses.
Vacuoles:
Containers within the cell that hold various substances
We can divide organisms into 2 different groups based on how they obtain their energy. They are called:
Heterotrophs and autotrophs
What is the primary purpose of photosynthesis?
To use light energy to convert inorganic compounds into chemical energy
What is the basic chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + photons (light energy) → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
What part does oxegen leave the leaf?
Stomata
What part of the cell does photosythisis happen?
The chloroplasts
The light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis occurs in what structure?
The thylakoid
The Calvin cycle occers in what part of the chloroplast?
Stroma
What is ATP?
The usable form of energy within a cell
What are some attributes of ATP?
It is produced in the mitochondria, the power plants of the cell.
When the bonds of the molecule are broken, it gives the cell a useable form of energy.
It is constantly being manufactured by every living cell.
What is cellular respiration?
The way an organism breaks down food into a usable form of cellular energy called ATP
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm
What are the steps in aerobic cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Krebs/citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
In aerobic cellular respiration, how many molecules of ATP does 1 molecule of glucose yield?
38
What is true of lactic acid fermentation?
Is a type of anaerobic cellular respiration
Occurs in animals and humans
Occurs when there is little of oxygen available to the organism
Begins with glycolysis
When oxygen is not available to the cells, how is energy produced?
Anaerobic cellular respiration
Which of the following is not a part of cellular metabolism?
Hydroponics
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
When DNA makes a copy of itself, this is called…
Replication
When a segment of DNA is used to make RNA, this is called...
Transcription
When RNA makes proteins, this is called…
Translation
DNA is made up of long chains. The shape is often referred to as…
A double helix
What is the cell’s complete set of genetic material called?
Genome
In the cells, DNA is organized into…
Chromosomes
Homologous pairs of chromosomes are…
Pairs of chromosomes that are very similar to one another
Replication is controlled by…
Watson-Crick pairing of the bases — the correct nitrogen bases are added to each side of the unzipped DNA
mRNA...
Contains the code or message that it takes to the ribosome for how to build the protein
tRNA...
Carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis
The sequence of 3 nucleotides that is on mRNA which designates what amino acid should be used is called…
Codon
What tells RNA to stop adding amino acids because the protein is complete?
Stop codon
What is mitosis?
A type of cell division that results in 2 daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell
What is meiosis?
A type of cell division that results in 4 daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the mother cell
What are diploid cells?
Cells that have 2 complete sets of homologous chromosomes
What is cytokinesis?
The process in which a cell divides into daughter cells
What is the special type of cell division that makes sexual reproduction possible called?
Meiosis
How many times does cell division happen in meiosis?
Twice
What is the structure that chromosomes attach to and get pulled to opposite sides of the cell called?
The spindle apparatus
What are the parts of the cell life cycle?
Interphase
Mitotic Phase
Cytokinesis
What is are the 4 sub-phases of the mitotic phase in order?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
How many chromosomes are in human gametes (sperm and egg cells)?
23 chromosomes
What is a cell that has one complete set of homologous chromosomes called?
Haploid
Who is the father of modern genetics?
Gregor Mendel
Why did Gregor Mendel use pea plants in his study of heredity?
He could easily control the pollination of plants
They had easily observable traits
They reproduced quickly
What does the law of segregation say?
The sperm and egg each contribute just 1 of the 2 copies of each gene to an organism
What does the law of independent assortment say?
Genes are inherited independently of one another
What are Punnett squares?
Boxes depicting genetic crosses that help to determine the probability of a specific genotype
What is genotype?
The combination of alleles of an organism’s genetic identity
What is phenotype?
The physical appearance of an organism
What are different versions of the same gene called?
Alleles
What is incomplete dominance?
When two alleles mix together in the phenotype (i.e. red + white = pink)
What is codominance?
When two alleles are shown together in the phenotype (i.e. red + white = red and white)
What are structural genes responsibel for?
They are responisble for both your outward appearance as well as coding for components of your cells.
What do regulatory genes do?
Code for proteins that control other genes—turning them off or on.
What are errors in the genetic code called?
Mutations
Trisomy 21 (Down’s Syndrome) is an example of…
Aneuploidy: an abnormal number of chromosomes
Deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA is an example of…
Errors on the genes, where nucleotides are not in the right order
When a segment of a chromosome breaks off and is completely lost, this is called...
Chromosomal error
Certain organisms have traits that are best suited for their environment, the organism’s survival, and ability to reproduce. This causes those traits to dominate the environment, while those traits that aren’t suited for survival and reproduction eventually are eliminated. This is called…
Selection
What is attempting to improve the human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable traits and decrease the occurrence of undesirable traits called?
Eugenics.
Cloning is…
An exact genetic duplicate of a cell or organism.
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