According to some definitions what is literariness based on?
The attitude of the individual reader towards a text.
Define homodiegetic narrator.
A homodiegetic narrator is a character within the story who narrates it.
Explain extradiegetic and intradiegetic narrators.
Extradiegetic narrators are outside the story
Give an example for free indirect discourse
He walked into the room and saw the mess. What a disaster! How would he ever clean it up?
How are articles in edited collection sources structured?
Last name; name. “Title of article“ Title of journal (in italics)
How are journal article sources structured?
Last name; name. “Title of article“ Title of journal (in italics); the issue number (vol. x
How are tragedies defined?
They involve serious actions leading to a disastrous conclusion for the protagonist.
How can an analysis of personal and possessive pronouns aid in understanding the speech situation of a poem?
By identifying the textual speaker, addressee and their respective spatial and temporal situations.
How do epic elements function in drama?
Reintroducing narrative transmission bridging the gap between fictional communication and real-life communication.
How do story-oriented narratology and discourse-oriented narratology differ?
Story-oriented focuses on events while discourse-oriented focuses on narrative presentation.
How do you call immediate repetition of words?
geminatio
How do you mark iambs and trochees and so on in poetry analysis?
"/" for unstressed syllables and "⏑" for stressed syllables.
How does a figural narrative situation differ from a first-person narrative?
It presents the story from a character's perspective without using "I" explicitly.
How does Stanzel differentiate the roles of the first-person narrator?
He distinguishes between "I-as-protagonist" and "I-as-witness."
How does the communicative model of dramatic texts look like?
[Extratextual level: addresser (historical author) -> (dramatic text: intratextual level: Character as addresser <> character as addressee) -> addressee (real reader or audience)]
How does the communicative model of lyrical / literary texts look like?
[Extratextual level: real (historical) author -> (literary text / poem: intratextual level: (fictive speaker: lyric persona (lyric „I“) -> subject-matter of speech -> fictive addressee: „lyric thou“)) -> real reader]
How does the communicative model of narrative texts look like?
[Extratextual level: real author -> {narrative text: Intratextual level 1: level of narrative transmission: (fictive narrator -> (intratextual level 2: Level of the characters and the story: (character as addresser <> character as addressee) -> fictive reader} -> real reader|
How is a film source structured?
Title (in italics). Directed by x production company year.
How is a monograph’s source structured?
Last name name. Title (in italics). Publisher year.
How is a newspaper article source structured?
Last name name. “Title of article“ Title (in italics) publishing date.
How is an editor’s source structured?
Last name name editor. Title (in italics). Publisher year.
How is an online resource source strucured?
Last name name. “Title of article/resource“ Title (in italics) the issue number (vol. x
How is the presence of an "I" in poetry measured?
It's measured from just a hint of "I" to a fully developed character with clear thoughts and feelings.
How should you format longer quotations of 4 lines or more?
Start in a new line indent (2 cm) use single line spacing and no quotation marks.
How should you format short quotations of less than 4 lines?
Integrate into the text use double quotation marks (“”).
How should you indicate omissions in a quotation?
Use three dots in square brackets ([...]).
Name 8 metrical forms
"monometer dimeter trimeter tetrameter pentameter hexameter heptameter octameter"
Name 8 types of foot
iamb (x/) trochee (/x) anapest (xx/) dactyl (/xx) amphibrach (x/x) amphimacer (/x/) spondee (//) pyrrhic (xx)
Name and define 6 types of rhyme
full rhyme (identical sounds) half rhyme (similar but not identical sounds) eye rhyme (same spelling
Name and explain 4 types of rhyme position
end rhyme (last word of line) initial rhyme (first word of line) medial rhyme (middle of line) internal rhyme (within a line or between two lines)
Name and explain two special forms of rhyme
Leonine rhyme (rhyming syllables placed before the caesura and at the end of a line) rich rhyme (same sound but different spelling or meaning)
Name and explain types of stanzas.
Couplet (2 lines) tercet (3 lines) quatrain (4 lines) quintet (5 lines) sestet (6 lines) septet (7 lines) octave (8 lines) ballad stanza (abcb
Name and explain types of word position.
Hypallage (transferred epithet) anastrophe (inversion of usual word order) prolepsis (anticipation) anaphora (repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of lines)
Name common types of meter in English literature.
Iambic pentameter (5 iambs per line) Blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) Free verse (no regular meter or rhyme scheme)
What are Aristotelian unities?
Unity of action (one main plot) unity of time (within a single day) unity of place (single location)
What are some common types of metonymy?
Synecdoche (a part representing a whole) toponymy (place name representing an idea) antonomasia (proper name standing for a general quality)
What are speech markers of distance?
Use of indirect speech formal or distanced pronouns
What are tragedies defined by?
Tragic flaw (hamartia) catharsis tragic hero with high status but downfall due to their actions
What did Jakobson mean by 'the poetic function'?
The focus on the message for its own sake not just the content it conveys.
What is a caesura?
A pause within a line of poetry often marked by punctuation.
What is a dramatic monologue?
A speech by a single character revealing their inner thoughts to an implied audience.
What is a heterodiegetic narrator?
A narrator who is not part of the story.
What is enjambment?
The continuation of a sentence beyond the end of a line without a pause.
What is focalization in narratology?
The perspective through which the narrative events are presented.
What is free indirect discourse?
A narrative technique combining third-person narration with a character’s thoughts and speech.
What is implied by the "real author" and "real reader"?
The actual historical writer and the actual historical audience of the text.
What is pastoral poetry?
Poetry that idealizes rural life and nature often contrasting it with urban life.
What is personification?
Giving human characteristics to non-human objects or abstract ideas.
What is slant rhyme?
Rhyme where the sounds are similar but not exact (e.g.
What is the difference between simile and metaphor?
Simile uses "like" or "as" to compare while metaphor directly equates one thing to another.
What is the role of the lyrical "I"?
A speaker or persona created by the poet to convey thoughts and emotions.
What is zeugma?
A figure of speech in which one word applies to two others in different senses (e.g.
What kind of spacing is used for the works cited list?
Double spacing.
What should you include when citing a source with more than two authors?
Use the first author’s last name and “et al.”
When are italics used in titles?
For book titles journals movies and longer works.
When should you use quotation marks?
For short works (e.g.)
Name all stanza lengths from 2 up to 8 lines (only even numbers
except 3 lines)
What additional information should be included if the bibliography lists more than one resource by the same author?
Title of the publication or a shortened version if necessary.
What advantage do drama and theater offer over novels?
Multimedial presentation and use of various communication channels.
What approach is taken to differentiate poetry from other literary genres?
Listing descriptive criteria instead of normative definitions.
What are "signals for fictionality"?
Signs indicating a fabricated world.
What are Aristotle's key points about tragedy?
Tragic heroes evoke pity and fear often due to their moral complexity and inevitable downfall.
What are authorial techniques of characterisation?
Conveying character information through the narrative structure.
What are double quotation marks used for in academic works? (2 things)
"Short quotations (in-text citation) Titles of dependent publications (journal articles short stories poems etc.)"
What are examples of textual signals for fictionality?
Introductory or concluding formulae and others
What are figural techniques of characterisation?
Using character speech gestures and actions.
What are italics used for in academic works? (2 things)
Foreign-language words or phrases (e.g.: laisser-faire) Titles of books and journals
What are morphological figures in rhetoric?
Figures working on the level of words and word formation.
What are pragmatic figures in rhetoric?
Rhetorical figures that refer to the context and communication situation. What are pragmatic figures related to?
What are the fundamental aspects analyzed in the narrated story?
Characters plot and spatial frame.
What are the guidelines for using quotations in your writing?
Support observations clearly mark as quotations reproduce exact wording use in-text citation.
What are the steps in analyzing a metaphor?
Identification of the source and target domains connotation of vehicle projected onto the tenor
What are the two basic principles underlying the topic on drama?
Written for performance; lack of narrative mediation.
What characterizes psycho-narration?
It's when the narrator summarizes a character's thoughts using their own language.
What complicates the portrayal of certain elements in drama? (3 things)
Absence of a narrator; linear time and limitations on scene changes.
What distinction must be made regarding the addressee when analyzing a poem?
Between the real reading public and the fictive addressee.
What distinguishes literary language from everyday language according to text-intrinsic approaches?
High degree of deviation or defamiliarization.
What do semantic figures deal with?
Meanings of words or expressions.
What do syntactic figures involve?
Sentence structure (syntax).
What do you call four rhyming lines that have the following rhyme scheme „A B A B“?
Alternate rhyme What do you call four rhyming lines that have the following rhyme scheme „A B B A“?
What do you call two rhyming lines that are right next to each other?
Rhyming couplet
What does "fictionality" refer to in literary texts?
The fabricated or imaginative nature of the worlds presented in literary texts.
What does mimesis mean?
Literature imitating reality (mime)
What does poesis mean?
Making something new -> independent models of reality
What does the poetic function of language involve according to Jakobson?
Emphasizing both word choice and how words are arranged in poetry.
What does the term "dramatis personae" refer to?
All the literary characters who appear in a play.
What features of poetry are derived from its connection to music?
Metre rhythm frequent recurrence of structures compactness succinctness of formulation
What function is this and which factor does it express: „Every linguistic act has 6 functions"
Function: Metalingual / Factor: Code
What function is this and which factor does it express: „Hey how are you?“ <> „Hey what’s up?“"
Function: Phatic / Factor: Channel
What function is this and which factor does it express: „Ouch! That hurt!“
Function: Emotive / Factor: Sender
What function is this and which factor does it express: „There is someone behind you!“"
Function: Referential / Factor: Context
What function is this and which factor does it express: „To be or not to be …!"
Function: Poetic / Factor: Message
What function is this and which factor does it express: „Tom
go clean your room!“
What information must be included in parentheses after a quotation?
Reference to the source including author name and page number(s).
What is a "character constellation"?
It's a graphic representation of relationships among characters in a play narrative or film.
What is a ballad?
Narrative poem song-like typically tells a story often focusing on folklore legends or romantic tales.
What is a book article?
An article published in a book typically as part of an edited collection.
What is a dactyl?
Stressed syllable followed by two unstressed ones.
What is a descriptive definition of literature?
Describing literature without judging it focusing on its characteristics and context.
What is a first-person narrative situation?
It's storytelling from a character's perspective using "I" to recount events.
What is a focalizer?
The character who perceives thinks and feels.
What is a journal article?
A scholarly article published in a scientific journal.
What is a journal?
A periodical publication containing scholarly articles often focused on a specific academic discipline.
What is a metaphor?
The characteristics of a particular vehicle are transferred to a tenor without being mediated by a comparative particle.
What is a monograph?
A book focused on a single topic or subject.
What is a normative definition of literature?
Judging literature based on standards or values.
What is a simile?
One thing is likened to another by means of a comparative particle.
What is a Sonnet?
14-line poem structured with a specific rhyme scheme and meter
What is a trochee?
Stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one.
What is an "epic theatre" according to Brecht?
It challenges traditional theatrical illusions and aims to provoke critical thinking.
What is an anapaest?
Two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one.
What is an autodiegetic narrator?
An autodiegetic narrator is the main character who narrates the story. What is an edited collection?
What is an iamb?
Unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one.
What is anadiplosis?
Repetition of the end of the preceding clause at the beginning of the next.
What is anaphora?
Repetition at the beginning of successive clauses or lines of verse.
What is another characteristic feature of literature besides fictionality?
Ambiguity or polyvalence.
What is antithesis?
Juxtaposition of two logically opposed elements.
What is antonomasia?
Replacement of a generic term with a proper name or of a proper name with an epithet. What is aposiopesis?
What is asyndeton?
Succession of words or phrases without conjoining words.
What is chiasmus?
Reversal of structures in successive clauses.
What is drama defined as according to Aristotle?
Imitation of action.
What is ellipsis?
Omission of sentence components. What is end-rhyme?
What is epanalepsis?
Immediate or delayed repetition of words.
What is epiphora?
Repetition at the end of successive clauses or lines of verse.
What is euphemism?
Reference to something by means of a milder
What is explicit characterisation?
Outright stating character traits.
What is external focalization?
Perception of characters from an outside viewpoint presented by a narrator.
What is figura etymologica?
Repetition of a root in different forms.
What is hendiadys?
An idea that would usually be expressed by a single noun phrase is represented by two words joined by a conjunction.
What is hyperbole?
Use of (excessive) exaggeration. What is implicit characterisation?
What is included in the broad definition of literature?
All written and printed works including various forms of written communication
What is included in the narrow definition of literature?
Literature to specific types of texts (often poetic and imaginative works)
What is interior monologue?
Direct presentation of a character's thoughts and feelings without mediation. What is internal focalization?
What is internal rhyme?
Rhyme within the same line of verse.
What is inversion?
Reversal of normal word order.
What is irony?
Meaning the opposite of what is said. What is litotes?
What is metonymy?
Replacement of one term with another to which it is ontologically logically or causally connected.
What is oxymoron?
Trenchant combination of two apparently contradictory terms.
What is paradox?
An apparently contradictory statement which on closer inspection is found to be true.
What is parallelism?
Succession of clauses or sentences of the same structure.
What is paronomasia or pun?
A play on words using two identical or similar sounding words with different and perhaps contradictory meanings.
What is periphrasis or circumlocution?
Description of an element by making reference to its characteristics.
A concrete or abstract element is presented as if it were alive or human.
What is polyptoton?
Repetition of a word in different inflected forms.
What is subjectivity in poetry?
It's the expression of individual perspective and experience.
What is synaesthesia?
Vehicle and tenor allude to different sensory perceptions.
What is synecdoche?
Replacement of a part with a whole or vice versa.
What is synonymy?
Repetition by replacing one word with another of the same meaning.
What is the "aesthetic convention" in literature?
Social rules guiding how literary texts are approached and judged > they don’t need to be true
What is the distinction between flat and round characters?
Flat characters are one-dimensional and represent types
What is the distinction between story and plot?
Story is chronological events plot adds causality.
What is the paradigmatic axis concerned with?
Similarity or equivalence between linguistic elements.
What is the purpose of footnotes in academic writing?
Providing commentaries explanations and additional relevant information.
What is the significance of monologues in drama?
They highlight individual characters and their importance.
What is the tree diagram of theatrical codes made up of?
actors and stage > acoustic and visual > elements that belong to acoustic and visual…
Application of one verb to more than one object in different senses.
What makes an authorial narrative situation?
It's narrated by an omniscient voice outside of the story.
What paradoxical observation does Otto Knörrich make about poems?
Everyone intuitively understands what a poem is but nobody can give an exact definition.
What problem does characterization pose in drama?
Characters must be understood primarily through dialogue and action.
What term is used to refer to the fictive speaker in a poem?
Lyric persona or lyric I.
When quoting poetry
how should line breaks and stanzas be indicated?
Which 6 factors make up a speech act?
Sender
Which 6 functions are there within speech acts?
Emotive
Why is the term "omniscient narrator" criticized?
It's criticized as "misleading" because true omniscience in narration is unlikely.
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