Methods to determine the AA seq of a protein were developed in the
1950s
Which method requires an “outgroup” sequence
relative rate test
Which method requires a coding sequence ?
MK (McDonald-Kreitman) test
Which KA/Ks value suggests positive selection?
Ka/Ks > 1
A positive value of Tajima’s D suggests an excess of
common variants
What type of variation in the Amylase gene is associated with starch digestion in humans?
copy number variations
the mutations responsible for lactase persistence in European and African pastoralist populations occured…
…independently in the 2 populations
A delection in which gene is associated with HIV/AIDS resistance in humans?
CCR5
What explains the observed positive correlation between DNA polymorphism and recombination rate?
genetic hitchhiking
which model of human evolution involves extensive gene flow among populations?
multiregional model
The vertebrate homolog of the Drosphilia eyeless gene is known as..
Pax6
The key genes that control flower development in plants are…
… MADS-box genes
Which method can be used for PTGS (post-transcriptional gene slicening)?
RNA inference
When comparing human and mouse, what is the nonsynonymous, synonymous rate ?
The rate (dN/dS) is between 0 and 1
1 = neutral
<1 negative
>1 positive
A negative value of Tajima’s D indicates an excess of ?
rare variants
-> positive value indicates common variants
Which of the following can explain the observed positive correlation between DNA polymorphism and recombination rate ?
dominance
overdominance
genrtic drift
balancing selection
-> not positive allele is carried by positive allel due to close distance
Which model of human evolution involves extensive gene flow ?
UPGMA is an example of a ___ based method.
distance
The mutations responsible for lactase persistence in humans occur in.
An intron of a gene neighboring the LCT gene
The homeodomain is a protein domain of ____ amino acids:
20
40
60
80
120
the drosphilian homologue of the mammalian Pax6 gene is known as
Dax6
eyeless
white
yellow
Fmr1
In drosphilia the X chromosome has ____ genes as the Y chromosome
the same number of
one-half as many
one-third as many
two times as many
over ten times as many
over 10 times as many
Which type of site is expected to show the least divergence between species
non-degenerate
2-fold-degenerate
4-fold degenerate
6-fold degenerate
-> how much change is allowed that AA changes ?
Example: In codons like GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG (all coding for alanine), the third position is fourfold degenerate.
Example: In GAU (Asp) and GAC (Asp), the third position is twofold degenerate because changing it to A or G results in a different amino acid.
six fold is rare and special case where first 2 nucs are different. More or less pseudo six fold
Mexican and south American dog breeds
Were derived from demesticated dogs brought to the American from Asia
Which statement is true about backhround selection?
It has the greatest effect in regions of low recombination
it has the greatest effect in regions of high recombination
it has the greatest effect where there is strong positive selection
it does not affect levels of genetic variation
it relies solely on genetic drift
-> direct connections to regions of low combination
What type of genetic variation is associated with number of children in the icelandic population?
chromosomal inversion
-> Parts of chromosome inversed
What type of species has the largest genome
bacteria
amoeba
diatom
insect
vertebrate
the defining feature of a cis-regulatory variant is that it…
…is genetically linked to the gene it regulates
Which pair of species/taxa are male-heterogametic?
drosphilian and honeybee
drosphilia and human
honeybee and chicken
human and chicken
anolis lizard and sea turtle
In sea turtles, an increase in the proportion of females is associated with…
…higher temperature
Both selective sweeps and background selection have been proposed to explain:
The positive correlation between recombination rate and nucleotide polymorphism
the positive correlation between genetic divergence and time (in years)
the positive correlation between genetic divergence and time (in generations)
the negative correlation between dN and dS
the negative correlation between pi and theta
What type of proteins are encoded by Hox genes?
transcription factors
Cause for negative value of Tajima’s D
purifying selection: removes deleterious mutations, keeping them at low frequencies
population expansion (e.g. after bottleneck) increase rare variants due to rapid growth
recovery after selective sweep, where genetic diversity is reduced, and new mutations introiduce variety
human gene associated with “risk taking”
DRD4
On average, the least divergent proteins betweeen human and chimpanzee are those expressed in the
brain
Effective popultaion size of humans
10 to 20 thousand
Neighbor joining is an example for ____ methods
consequences of chromosome 17 inversion in Iceland
More children
difference betweeen fast-X & large-X effect
fast-X: expected increase in the rate of adaptive evolution on the X chromosome due to the fixation of recessive, benefical mutations in hemizygous males
large-X: the X is enriched for loci that cause hybrid incompabilities, such as hybrid male sterility, suggesting that the X plays a disproportionately role in speciation - at least in the evolution of postzygotic reproductive isolation
A 900kb inversion on chromosome 17 is polymorphic in humans. What two observatiosn suggest that the inverted form (H2) has been positively selected in European populations?
H2 is very rare in most populations, except in europe where it is in high frequency (= ca 20%)
In Iceland, women with the H2 inversion had more children (avg 3%) than women with H1
DNA sequence alignment
What is the number of segregating sites?
How many of the segregatigng sites involves transitions?
How many of the segregating sites involves tranversions ?
How many haplotypes are ther ?
6
4
2
3
If all nucleotides are used with equal frequency, the maximum divergence we expect between 2 DNA sequences is…
…. 75%.
I fall amino acids are used with same frequency, we expect two random protein sequences to be ___ identical
5%
Which type of site is expected to be divergence between species?
2 fold- degenerate
4 fold-degenerate
5—-
non-fold
Which of the folloewing DNA sequence changes is a transition?
A -> T
C -> T
C -> A
G -> C
G -> T
More transitions or more transversions?
-> more transitions
Expected dN/dS value for pseudogene?
1
According to the molecular clock, sequence divergence between species depends on..
…the number of years since their last common ancestor
The most parsimonious tree is the one that….
…. requires the fewest sequency changes
Which of the following represents a rare genetic change ?
point mutation
transition
transversion
intron gain
parsimony informative site
Which of the following statements about mammalian mitochonrial DNA is true?
it has higher recombination rate tha nuclear DNA
it is paternally inherited
it is maternally inherited
it cannot be used for phylogenetic analysis
it is transmitted horizontally among individuals
A negative value of Tajima’s D is expected when there is:
Population expanding
pseudogenization
non-disjunction
whole genome duplication
population expanding
What is the major difference between the HKA and the MK tests?
HKA requeires outgroup
MK requires coding protein
HKA requires distance matrix
MK requires pseudogene
HKA requires pseudogene
According to fossil record, which hominin was the first to leave africa?
homo erectus
which statement about mitochondrial eve is true?
she was the first female homosapiens
she was the only female to survive the last ice age
she das a great granddaughter
she was the only female of her generation to reproduce
she was the only female in her generation to have a daughter
she had a great granddaughter
To what is a mutation in the CCR5 gene associated?
HIV/Aids resistance
clone-by-clone sequencing is also known as ______ genome sequencing
hierarchichal
Which of the following methods are used for gene expression profiling?
Shotgun sequencing and primer walking
RAD-seq and microarrays
RNA-seq and microarrays
CRISPR-Cas and RNAi
Microsequencing and cDNA-probing
Who is known for the hypothesis: “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”
Ernst Haeckel
defining feature of cis-regulation
physically linked to gene it regulates
The 2R hypothesis states that ___ during vertebrate evolution.
…the whole genome is duplicated twice…
Methodologically, neighbor-joining is most similar to:
A) Maximum branching
D) Maximum likelihood
B) UPGMA
E) Bayesian reconstruction
C) Parsimony
UPGMA
In Drosophila, sex chromosome dosage compensation involves:
A) Upregulation of the male X
B) Downregulation of the female autosomes
C) Inactivation of one female X
D) Downregulation of the male autosomes
E) Downregulation of both female X’s
A) Some genealogies must represent geographically structured populations
(Mit chatGPT geraten, hat das Bild nicht gesehen hehe)
Which of the following cannot be performed using only within-species plymorphism data?
A) Tajima’s D test
B) Hudson-Kreitman-Aguade (HKA) test
C) Hudson’s haplotype test
D) Haplotype diversity test
E) Haplotype number test
1. Which of the following represents a typical value of the transition/transversion ratio for DNA substitutions?
A) 0
B) 0.25
C) 0.50
D) 1.00
E) 2.00
1. According to the neutral theory of molecular evolution, both divergence between species and polymorphism within species depend on:
A) The census population size
B) The effective population size
C) The recombination rate
D) The neutral mutation rate
E) The generation time
40. Which of the following can lead to the long-term maintenance of duplicate genes without requiring positive selection?
A) Pseudogenization
B) Neofunctionalization
C) Subfunctionalization
D) Parafunctionalization
E) Transfunctionalization
a. a pos corr between recomb. Rate and nucl. Polymorphism
b. a pos corr between genetic divergence and time in years
c. a pos corr between genetic divergence and time in generations
d. a neg corr between dN and dS
d. a neg corr between pl and theta
1) When comparing human and mouse, most genes have a. dN/dS <0
b. dN/dS=0
c. 0< dN/dS <1
d. dN/dS=1
e. dN/dS >1
Last changed2 months ago
