How did the fall of Constantinople affect Mediterranean trade?
The Turkish Empire controlled and heavily taxed the Mediterranean trading system.
What were the consequences of high population density and industrialization in Western Europe, and increased agricultural production in Central-Eastern Europe?
Traditional trade routes changed.
Overland: east-west trade became more significant.
Sea: trade along the Atlantic coastline became more important than Levant trade.
List the four main factors that encouraged exploration.
A) Scientific discoveries,
B) Technical development,
C) Desire to spread Christianity,
D) Search for spices and profit.
What were the key scientific discoveries that encouraged exploration?
Increased geographical knowledge, acceptance of Earth's spherical shape, Toscanelli's new map placing India west of Europe.
What were the significant technical developments for exploration?
Italian caravel ships, compass as the most significant innovation.
How did Christianity influence exploration?
Europeans believed in a sacred duty to convert non-Christians. More converts meant more tax revenue.
Why was the search for spices a driving factor for exploration?
High demand for spices and luxury goods, extremely profitable trade (700-800% profit), Western European monarchs wanted to share in this trade.
What were Prince Henry's contributions to exploration?
Founded a school for navigators and an observatory, organized and funded voyages of exploration, sent expeditions to explore Atlantic coastline and Africa, established trading posts for gold, ivory, and slaves
What was Bartholomew Diaz's major achievement?
Reached the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, found the Cape of Good Hope.
What was Vasco da Gama's significant accomplishment?
Reached India in 1498 by circumnavigating Africa, established Portuguese trading posts along the Indian coast.
Describe Christopher Columbus's voyage and discovery.
Left Spain in August 1492 with three ships (Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria), landed on San Salvador on October 12, 1492, believing he had reached India.
What was Amerigo Vespucci's contribution to the understanding of Columbus's discovery?
Corrected Columbus's mistake after his death, sailed to the New World as a navigator.
What were the main elements of the Columbian Exchange?
New plants (tobacco, corn, potato, tomato, chocolate),
new animals (turkey),
world trade between continents,
flow of precious metals leading to inflation,
rise of capitalism.
What was the purpose and outcome of the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494?
Regulated rights of discovery and conquest between Spain and Portugal. Spain received lands west of the line (e.g., America), Portugal received lands east of the line (e.g., Africa and Asia).
What was Magellan's aim and achievement?
Aimed to circumnavigate the Earth,
found a direct sea route to India sailing west by circumnavigating South America,
discovered the Straits of Magellan,
but was killed by natives in Asia.
Name the major colonial powers and their early settlements in the New World.
England: Jamestown Colony (1607),
Netherlands: New Amsterdam (later New York),
France: Eastern Canada and Mississippi River,
Portugal: Amazon River and Brazil,
Spain: Mexico (Aztecs) and Peru (Incas).
Describe the characteristics of the new capitalist world economy.
Based on trade of manufactured goods from Western Europe,
agricultural goods from Central-Eastern Europe,
slaves from Africa,
and luxury goods and spices from Asia.
Included Transatlantic slave trade and the establishment of the first stock market in Amsterdam.
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