1. Lecture

The electrical coltage difference across a cell´s membrane, caused by the uneven distribution of ions between the inside and outside of cells

negative

1. Resting: -70 to -90 mV (cell is polarized)

2. Depolarization: becomes positive

3. Peak of Action Potential

4. Repolarization

5. Hyperpolarization

6. Return to Resting State

1. Chemical

   • signal transmission over neurotransmitter

   • slower

   • one directional

   • the biggest amount in the body

2. Physical

   • signal transmission over ion flow trough gap junctions

   • faster

   • bi directional

   • less amount in the body

1. Action potential arrives

2. Ca^2+ enters terminal

3. Neurotransmitter release

4. Receptor binding

5. Postsynaptic effect

6. Signal termination

1. Habituation

2. Sensitization

3. Classical Conditioning

4. Operant Conditioning

5. Observational Conditioning

1. Encoding

2. Storage

3. Retrieval

1. Sensory Memory

2. Short Term Memory

3. Working Memory

4. Long Term Memory

A higher and stable body temperature is essential for proper brain function. In general, the larger the forebrain, the greater the cognitive abilities of the animal. This is why endothermic animals, such as mammals and birds, tend to have larger and more complex brains.

6

isocortex (iso == gleich, in Bezug auf die Schichtung auch wenn diese nicht exact gleich dick sind)

1. Gray area:

   • cortex with somata

   • information processing

2. White matter

   • axonal connections

   • fatty area

   • signal tranmission

When it increases folds are necessary to fit in the area in the brain cavity

the number of neurons

also fold is a little indicator because more space for the neurons and so probably more neurons

1,4 kg and #2061

Sperm whale with 9 kg

1. Into lobes that get their names from the overlying bones

2. Functional areas

3. Histological (tissue structure and organisation) Details (brodman Areas)

1. Frontal Lobe (thinking)

2. Pariental Lobe (pain)

3. Temporal Lobe (listening speaking)

4. Occipital Lobe (visual)

1. Forbrains

   • Cereberum (Großhirn)

   • Zwischenhirn

2. Midbrain

3. Cerebellum (Kleinhirn)

4. Brainstem

Gyri = Folds

Sulci = grooves

In the gyrus in front of the central sulcus

Hemispheres are connected through corpus callosum

gray

Cognition comprises the mechanisms by which organisms acquire, process, store and act on information from the environment

The capacity to take other individuals perpective to “read minds”. Some primates, dogs, pigs, goats, some birds.

Basic:

1. Attention

2. Sensory processing

3. Language

Executive:

1. Goal-directed behavior

2. Judgement and decision making

3. Self-monitoring (mirror test)

   
   

6 layered cortex

Females choose mates based on traits that signal good health, strong immune systems, good genes, or condition. The trait doesn’t have to be costly—just a reliable indicator of quality. For example bigger headers -> bigger brain -> more coginitive power

Females prefer males with costly or risky traits (e.g. large tails), because only high-quality males can afford them. The trait is an honest signal of fitness due to its disadvantage.

The mirror test checks if an animal can recognize itself in a mirror by marking its body and seeing if it uses the mirror to inspect or touch the mark — a sign of self-awareness.

a) the correct tool only

b) Both a functional and a non-functional tool

c) Only a straigt wire

tool use in birds

1. Perspective-taking – understanding what another sees.

2. Attribution of intent – predicting what another might do.

3. Knowledge awareness – reacting differently based on what another bird knows.

Behavior only change if they have stolen themselves before

1. Pallium: Neocortex

2. Subpallium: Striatum and Pallidum

prefrontal cortex, characterized by its connectivity and a dopaminergic innervation

number of forebrain neurons

True

Differ: Birds form nuclei in the forbrain and Mammals form they layers of the cortex

Same: Cell types and number of synaptic processing steps

Localized lesions lead to localized cognitive deficits

-> Localization od functions in the brain

Brain as a dynamic system but also Phrenology

Early origins of the lesion method

The brain is a cooling system for the blood

charcterize the brain at the level of its functioning as an information processing system

Cognitive science is the study of intelligence and intelligent systems with particular reference to intelligent behavior as computation

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of mind and how information, e.g., concerning perception, language, reasoning, and emotion is represented and transformed in the brain.

Wirbeltier (Unterstamm -> Stamm)

1. mammals

2. Aves

3. reptilia

4. amphibia

5. pisces

telencephalon and diencephalon

The absence of laminae in the mammalian cortex would severely compromise the organization, specialization, and efficiency of cortical processing, leading to impaired sensory processing, cognitive functions, learning, and memory. It would likely result in a fundamentally less complex brain and a loss of advanced abilities that are characteristic of mammals, particularly humans.