How can self-reports be validated? (Vazire & Carlson, 2010)
Consistency with objective measures
Consistency with peer reports
Meta-accuracy (knowing how others see you)
What is behavioral observation?
Trait inferences based on direct or indirect observation of behavior.
On what are trait judgments based?
Observable cues such as:
Behavior
Appearance
What is a coding strategy?
A systematic and standardized way of observing behavior, specifying:
What is coded
When
Where
How
What makes a good behavioral code?
Clear
Concrete
Easy to annotate Example: “avoids eye contact”, “speaks in low volume”
What assumptions underlie behavioral observation?
Individual differences in observable cues
Stability over time and situations
Validity of cues (expert opinion or research)
What types of behavioral observation exist?
Covert (unaware) vs. overt
Systematic (strucutred) vs. ad-libitum (free sampling)
Reactive (groupd discussion) vs. non-reactive (it happnes)
Direct (current) vs. indirect (video device)
Naturalistic vs. lab
Participant (self-assessed) vs. observer (üppers, expert..)
What is the Riverside Behavioral Q-sort (RBQ)?
68 concrete behavioral items
Used in clinical, occupational, and forensic settings
Pros and cons of behavioral observation?
Pros:
More objective
Rich behavioral information
Cons:
Reactivity
High costs
Ethical issues
What are explicit measures of personality?
Self-report questionnaires measuring explicit self-concept.
What are implicit measures of personality?
Indirect measures assessing
automatic, uncontrolled, unconscious processes.
What problems affect explicit measures?
Social desirability
Lack of self-awareness
Defense mechanisms
Response styles
What is the goal of implicit measures?
Assess automatic processes
Reveal underlying associations
Complement explicit measures
What is expected regarding implicit–explicit correlations?
Low correlations, because they reflect different systems.
Context and motivation can moderate consistency.
What is commonly measured in implicit tasks?
Reaction times as indicators of automatic processing.
The psychological attribute influences responses unintentionally and uncontrollably.
What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?
A task measuring the strength of automatic associations between categories
(e.g., self–positive vs. self–negative).
Implicit self-esteem
Racial stereotypes
Attitudes and preferences
Pros and cons of the IAT?
Pros: widely validated, flexible
Cons: categorical contrasts required, context effects
What is the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP)?
A prime stimulus biases the evaluation of a neutral target,
revealing implicit attitudes.
What is the Emotional Stroop task?
Measures attentional bias toward emotional stimuli and automatic emotional processing.
What is the Approach–Avoidance Task?
Measures automatic tendencies to approach positive stimuli and avoid negative stimuli via motor responses.
Why use implicit measures in forensic psychology?
To assess sensitive traits (e.g., sexual interest) where self-report may be biased.
What is Viewing Time (VT)?
Longer response times indicate greater sexual interest in the stimulus.
What does signal detection theory describe?
Trade-offs between true positives, false positives, false negatives, and true negatives in classification tasks.
What are trait measures?
Measures of typical behavior, feelings, and attitudes (self- or observer-report).
What are ability measures?
Measures of maximal performance, focusing on correctness, speed, or novelty.
What socio-emotional abilities are assessed?
Emotion recognition
Emotion regulation
Interpersonal ability
Theory of mind
What are specific-ability measures?
Tests focusing on one skill, e.g. emotion recognition (JACBART, DANVA, GERT, MERT).
What are integrative models of abilities?
Models combining multiple abilities into a global construct (e.g., Multiple Intelligences, Emotional Intelligence).
What is the Four-Branch Model of Emotional Intelligence?
Perceiving emotions
Using emotions
Understanding emotions (why they came)
Managing emotions
Evaluation: strengths and limitations of T-data?
Strengths:
objectivity, prediction of social and academic outcomes
Limitations:
heterogeneous constructs, reliability issues, arbitrary correctness criteria
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